Factor Xa-activated whole blood clotting time (Xa-ACT) for bedside monitoring of dalteparin anticoagulation during haemodialysis.

BACKGROUND: Low molecular weight heparins (LMWH) like dalteparin are increasingly used for anticoagulation during haemodialysis (HD). The available laboratory tests for monitoring LMWH anticoagulation are time-consuming and expensive, and the suitability of the conventional activated clotting time (ACT) is controversial. A simple and cheap bedside test would be useful. METHODS: We studied the factor Xa-activated whole blood clotting time (Xa-ACT) in vitro and in vivo in nine patients undergoing chronic HD with i.v. dalteparin bolus anticoagulation and compared it with the conventional ACT. Plasma anti-factor Xa (antiXa) activity was determined with a chromogenic assay. Thrombin-antithrombin complexes were measured to detect coagulation activation. RESULTS: Xa-ACT and ACT were prolonged with rising dalteparin concentration. In vitro, both clotting times were strongly correlated with the antiXa levels (r = 0.94 and 0.89, respectively). Nevertheless, compared with the ACT, the Xa-ACT was considerably more sensitive to the LMWH in vitro (healthy blood: Xa-ACT 90 s/U vs ACT 26 s/U; uraemic blood: Xa-ACT 96 s/U vs ACT 31 s/U) as well as in vivo (Xa-ACT 81 s/U vs ACT 22 s/U) and reflected different intensities of anticoagulation. An initial dalteparin bolus of 80+/-11 U/kg body weight was able to prevent coagulation activation for up to 4 h of HD. CONCLUSION: For monitoring LMWH anticoagulation the Xa-ACT was superior to the conventional ACT in vitro as well as in vivo during HD. The Xa-ACT can be useful as a LMWH bedside test. The ACT was not sensitive enough to serve as a LMWH monitoring tool.     

Endoscopic transthoracic sympathectomy: current indications and techniques

Zusammenfassung GRUNDLAGEN: Die endoskopische thorakale Sympathektomie (ETS) existiert seit 60 Jahren als effektive Therapie der primären Hyperhidrose. Nach wie vor gibt es in der medizinischen Welt teils Vorbehalte, teils Unwissen über die Methode selbst, ihre Erfolgs- und Komplikationsraten sowie Nebenwirkungen. METHODIK: Nach Einführung in die Symptome und Behandlung der primären Hyperhidrose (konservativ und chirurgisch) werden Operationsmethoden und Langzeitergebnisse der ETS-Operation vorwiegend anhand der Daten aus der eigenen Abteilung präsentiert. ERGEBNISSE: Von 1965–2001 wurden 734 Sympathikotomien (ETS2–4) und bis 2003 weitere 103 Sympathikusblockaden (ESB4) bei Patienten mit primärer palmarer und axillärer Hyperhidrose durchgeführt. Die Konversionsrate betrug 0,1 %. Seit Einführung der Video-Thorakoskopie 1991 trat kein postoperatives Horner-Syndrom auf (zuvor 2,2 %), Drainage-pflichtige Pneumothoraces waren in 1,1 % zu verzeichnen. Nach einem medianen Follow-up von 16 Jahren waren 93 % der Extremitäten trocken, 5 % fast trocken und 2 % feucht. Nebenwirkungen traten in Form von kompensatorischem Schwitzen am Stamm (55 % insgesamt, davon 5 % stark) und gustatorischem Schwitzen (33 %) auf. Seit Einführung der limitierten Sympathikusblockade auf Höhe T4 (ESB4) konnte (bei naturgemäß kurzer Nachbeobachtungszeit) das kompensatorische Schwitzen auf 8,5 % und das gustatorische Schwitzen auf 2,1 % gesenkt werden. Mit dem postoperativen Ergebnis waren 100 % der Patienten nach ESB4 zufrieden, nach ETS2–4 waren 80 % zufrieden, 14 % teilweise zufrieden und 6 % unzufrieden (meist wegen starken kompensatorischen Schwitzens). SCHLUSSFOLGERUNGEN: Die ETS-Operation bietet hohe langfristige Erfolgsraten bei niedrigen Komplikationsraten. Patienten sollten über die zu erwartenden Nebenwirkungen genau aufgeklärt werden, für unzufriedene Patienten mit starkem kompensatorischem Schwitzen besteht nun die Möglichkeit der thorakoskopischen Klip-Entfernung.     

Proximaler Humerusnagel bei körpernahen Oberarmbrüchen

Zusammenfassung Frakturen des proximalen Humerus stellen beim älteren Patienten, bedingt durch Osteopenie und Verletzungsschwere, eine Herausforderung für die operative Versorgung dar. Seit wenigen Jahren stehen intramedulläre Implantate zur Verfügung, mit denen auch Mehrfragmentfrakturen mit hoher Primärstabilität versorgt werden können. Bei limitierten Weichteilschäden kann durch frühe Physiotherapie ein gutes funktionelles Ergebnis erreicht werden. Seit 2003 verwenden wir den T2-PHN (Fa. Stryker) und konnten bisher 15 Patienten nach 1-jähriger Beobachtung auswerten. Bei einem Durchschnittsalter von 64,6 Jahren lag der durchschnittliche Constant-Score nach 1 Jahr bei 68,3 (±17,3) auf der betroffenen Seite, seitenadaptiert wurden 79% erreicht. Der Anteil der 4-Segment-Frakturen lag bei 60%. Bei 4 Patienten beobachteten wir eine partielle Humeruskopfnekrose ohne Therapiekonsequenz. Implantatentfernungen waren in 5 Fällen wegen überstehender Schrauben oder vorstehendem proximalem Nagelende nötig. Mit den modernen Verriegelungsmarknägeln ist eine Gewebe schonende und sehr stabile Versorgung der proximalen Humerusfrakturen möglich.     

Pharmacotherapy of ventricular fibrillation. A prospective study in an emergency medical service

This prospective study investigated the effects of standard pharmacotherapy in out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation (VF) after i.v. or endobronchial (e.b.) administration of epinephrine and lidocaine. METHODS. Only patients presenting with out-of-hospital VF were included in this study, whereby VF of noncardiac origin was excluded. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) was performed according to the guidelines of the American Heart Association. Basic life support was initiated by Emergency Medical Service (EMS) technicians. The first step of advanced life support was immediate defibrillation by the EMS physician. Epinephrine was given in doses of 2.5 mg e.b. or 1.0 mg i.v. If indicated, patients received 200-500 mg lidocaine e.b. or 100 mg i.v. The course of CPR was tape-recorded and 2-3 blood samples were taken from each patient for drug monitoring. Plasma levels of epinephrine and lidocaine were measured by high-pressure liquid and gas chromatography, respectively, and then correlated to the course of CPR. RESULTS. Forty-seven patients presented VF on arrival of the EMS physician. Restoration of spontaneous circulation was achieved in 64% (Table 3), and 30% of the patients were discharged from hospital without major neurologic deficits. Immediate defibrillation before initiation of pharmacotherapy produced a success rate of 15.8%, whereas defibrillation after drug therapy was successful in 61.5% of cases. Following e.b. instillation of 2.5 mg epinephrine (Fig. 1), median peak concentrations of epinephrine (40.2, range 4.0-79.8 ng/ml) were reached after 3-4 min and plasma levels greater than or equal to 10 ng/ml were seen for 20 min. After i.v. injection of 1.0 mg epinephrine (Fig. 2) maximum concentrations (71.6, range 4.7-104.2 ng/ml) were measured after 1-2 min and plasma levels decreased below 10 ng/ml after 10 min. Following e.b. instillation of 400-500 mg lidocaine mean lidocaine concentrations within the therapeutic range (2-5 micrograms/ml) were reached after 4-5 min and remained within these limits for 20-30 min. Peak concentrations were obtained after 12 min. Doses of 200-320 mg lidocaine e.b. failed to achieve therapeutic plasma levels (Fig. 3). Regarding the pharmacodynamic aspects of drug therapy, 22.5% of the initial survivors were resuscitated from VF without therapeutic epinephrine, presenting with mean endogenous epinephrine concentrations of 7.1 ng/ml, 51.6% of patients were resuscitated after epinephrine therapy with plasma concentrations greater than 20 ng/ml. In only 1 case could a relationship be demonstrated between the administration of lidocaine and resuscitation success. CONCLUSION. In CPR, the e.b. administration of epinephrine and lidocaine is a reliable alternative to the i.v. injection route of these drugs. Recommended doses are 2.5 mg for epinephrine and 400-500 mg for lidocaine. Resuscitation from VF requires immediate epinephrine therapy if initial defibrillation is not successful. Lidocaine has no effect on resuscitation from VF and therefore should be used specifically for antiarrhythmic therapy after restoration of spontaneous circulation.     

123I-amphetamine-SPECT in classical migraine and migraine accompagnée

Migraine is considered to be a functional neurological disorder. In classical migraine (headache associated with prodromal visual field disturbances) and migraine accompagnée (headache associated with transient neurological symptoms), disturbances of cerebral blood flow and amine metabolism are thought to be pathogenetic factors. However, conventional methods of neuroimaging (CAT, NMR) usually do not yield any pathological findings in patients. Since 123I-iodoamphetamine (123I-IMP) crosses the intact blood brain barrier, 123I-IMP-SPECT is used for the assessment of cerebral perfusion in various neurological diseases, including functional disorders. 123I-IMP-SPECT was performed on 5 patients with classical migraine and 18 patients with migraine accompagnée. At the time of investigation, all patients were symptom-free. Cerebral blood flow was decreased in all patients with migraine accompagnée, and often corresponded to the site of headache as well as to the topography of transient neurological symptoms. This reduction was most obvious in a patient with persisting neurological symptoms. Most patients with classical migraine, however, did not show any alteration of cerebral perfusion. It appears that migraine--and in particular migraine accompagnée--is characterized by a permanent alteration not only of cerebral blood flow but also of neuronal activity. Migraine attacks may occur in connection with exacerbations of preexisting metabolic alterations.     

Characterisation of surface-modified solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN): influence of lecithin and nonionic emulsifier.

Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN), an alternative colloidal drug delivery system to polymer nanoparticles, emulsions and liposomes, are generally produced by high pressure melt-emulsification. However, the harsh production process is not applicable for formulations containing shear and temperature sensitive compounds. For that reason, subsequent adsorptive SLN loading might be a promising alternative. The aim of the present study was the development and characterisation of surface-modified SLN for adsorptive protein loading by variation of both the lipid matrix and the emulsifier concentration in the continuous phase. Variations in SLN composition resulted in particle sizes between 674 and 61 nm corresponding to specific surfaces of 4.5 m(2)/g and 48.9 m(2)/g and zeta potentials between -23.4 mV and -0.9 mV. In dependence of SLN surface properties, albumin payload ranged from 2.5 to 15%. Thermoanalysis, X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy revealed anisometrical and crystalline particles. In vitro cytotoxicity was low in terms of both haemolysis, which was between 1 and 2%, and neutral red test (NRT) showing a half lethal dose between 1.1 and 4.6%.     

Results of total and subtotal colon resections in children.

AIM: The treatment of long-segment neuronal intestinal malformations confronts the paediatric surgeon with the problems of diagnosis, suitable surgical methods and postoperative care. The evidence based only on ganglion cells is inadequate to decide about the required extent of resection and does not exclude hypoganglionosis and disseminated dysganglionosis. For the surgical treatment, pouch procedures as well as the usual resection techniques according to Rehbein, Soave, and Duhamel are discussed. Since studies with greater numbers of patients are rare, we present here our own results. METHODS: 48 patients with long segment intestinal malformations were treated in our hospital between 1990 and 2000. A total of 35 patients were examined 1.5-6 years after definitive surgical therapy. Rehbein's anterior resection was performed in all cases. RESULTS: Our findings showed that the surgical treatment with Rehbein's technique offers good results, both with respect to complications as well as to the postoperative course, although a 4 cm long aganglionic segment remains in situ. We found that results were better after ascendorectostomy (n = 22) compared to ileorectostomy (n = 11). Earlier publications of this group (13) show that the histology of the proximal resection margin is decisive for the prognosis. Hypo- and aganglionic segments should be completely resected while short IND segments of the colon or terminal ileum may remain in situ. However, the additional effect of the aganglionic segment of the distal rectum and the decreased peristaltic flow of the pre-anastomotic bowel has to be taken into account. Further investigations are required to find out whether a combination of Soave's endorectal pull-through with a remaining neuronal dysplastic segment proximal to the resection margin may give better results or if the frequency of postoperative enterocolitis and incontinence increased in cases of long segment intestinal neuronal malformations. Accurate diagnosis of myenteric plexus is decisive for an optimal treatment and therefore, considering our results, it is essential that in case of newborns getting to hospital with colon obstruction and suspicion of neuronal intestinal malformation full thickness biopsies from the distal and proximal colon may be taken simultaneously with the enterostomy. Generally ileostomy is performed in patients suspected of long-segment neuronal intestinal malformations. Mucosa suction biopsies from the distal and proximal stoma side are less informative compared to full thickness biopsies.