全文获取类型
收费全文 | 48539篇 |
免费 | 4337篇 |
国内免费 | 119篇 |
专业分类
耳鼻咽喉 | 509篇 |
儿科学 | 1505篇 |
妇产科学 | 1355篇 |
基础医学 | 6480篇 |
口腔科学 | 904篇 |
临床医学 | 5159篇 |
内科学 | 10638篇 |
皮肤病学 | 702篇 |
神经病学 | 4216篇 |
特种医学 | 1886篇 |
外科学 | 7331篇 |
综合类 | 716篇 |
现状与发展 | 1篇 |
一般理论 | 86篇 |
预防医学 | 4263篇 |
眼科学 | 749篇 |
药学 | 3274篇 |
中国医学 | 48篇 |
肿瘤学 | 3173篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 395篇 |
2022年 | 668篇 |
2021年 | 1545篇 |
2020年 | 856篇 |
2019年 | 1305篇 |
2018年 | 1532篇 |
2017年 | 1092篇 |
2016年 | 1079篇 |
2015年 | 1271篇 |
2014年 | 1780篇 |
2013年 | 2199篇 |
2012年 | 3265篇 |
2011年 | 3233篇 |
2010年 | 1730篇 |
2009年 | 1434篇 |
2008年 | 2331篇 |
2007年 | 2542篇 |
2006年 | 2269篇 |
2005年 | 2146篇 |
2004年 | 1942篇 |
2003年 | 1713篇 |
2002年 | 1558篇 |
2001年 | 907篇 |
2000年 | 950篇 |
1999年 | 838篇 |
1998年 | 409篇 |
1997年 | 351篇 |
1996年 | 359篇 |
1995年 | 353篇 |
1994年 | 293篇 |
1993年 | 287篇 |
1992年 | 639篇 |
1991年 | 658篇 |
1990年 | 634篇 |
1989年 | 636篇 |
1988年 | 575篇 |
1987年 | 586篇 |
1986年 | 532篇 |
1985年 | 504篇 |
1984年 | 456篇 |
1983年 | 375篇 |
1982年 | 323篇 |
1981年 | 266篇 |
1979年 | 367篇 |
1978年 | 363篇 |
1977年 | 243篇 |
1976年 | 241篇 |
1975年 | 234篇 |
1974年 | 253篇 |
1972年 | 239篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
51.
52.
A S Lamont M S Roberts D G Holdsworth A Atherton J J Shepherd 《Anaesthesia and intensive care》1986,14(4):360-364
Recently, a family tree with a predisposition for the gene of multiple endocrine neoplasia Type 1 has been identified in Tasmania. As the surgical identification and localisation of parathyroid adenomas is facilitated by the administration of methylene blue, an opportunity has presented to measure the plasma concentration of methylene blue and methaemoglobin production. The study was undertaken to establish whether significant methaemoglobin concentrations were generated during the infusion and whether these concentrations could be related to the corresponding methylene blue concentrations. Mean peak methylene blue concentrations of 3.72 micrograms l-1, mean percentage methaemoglobin of 10.0 and a PaO2 within acceptable clinical ranges were found. No apparent relationship between methylene blue concentration and methaemoglobin production was found. 相似文献
53.
Henri Gastaut Benjamin Zifkin Marcel Rufo 《Journal of autism and developmental disorders》1987,17(3):391-406
Syncopes due to compulsive respiratory stereotypies were studied in eight patients with autistic features. Most had been referred for episodes thought to be intractable epileptic seizures. Polygraphic recording showed two types of syncope, one induced by prolonged apnea and the other by a prolonged Valsalva maneuver. Fenfluramine, 1.5–3 mg/kg per day, was given in an open trial. In four of five cases with frequent Valsalva maneuvers, respiratory stereotypies and syncopes were suppressed for 2–18 months. Patients with periodic apneas were more severely retarded and had less clear benefit. Side effects consisted of dose-dependent sedation and mild weight loss which stabilized without interrupting treatment. We suggest that these syncopes are volitional and may be associated with pleasant sensations. A double-blind placebo-controlled trial of fenfluramine seems warranted in such patients. 相似文献
54.
Although it has been demonstrated that many of the behavioral responses to psychomotor stimulants are gender dependent and hormonally sensitive, few studies have examined the possibility that the estrous cycle interacts with drug reinforcement in laboratory animals. The present experiment assessed the effect of the estrous cycle on two aspects of cocaine self-administration behavior: the breaking point on a progressive ratio (PR) schedule and the rate of cocaine intake on a fixed ratio one (FR1) schedule. On the PR schedule, the first lever response produced a drug infusion. Subsequent response requirements escalated with each injection until the behavior extinguished. Breaking points were defined as the final ratio completed. On a FR1 schedule, the estrous cycle had no effect on the rate of drug intake. On a PR schedule, female rats reached higher breaking points during estrus than during other stages of the estrous cycle. Furthermore, female rats displayed higher breaking points than male rats. It appears that the estrous cycle influences an animal's motivation to self-administer cocaine. 相似文献
55.
56.
Localization of proopiomelanocortin mRNA in functional subsets of neurons defined by their axonal projections 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
J N Wilcox J L Roberts B M Chronwall J F Bishop T O'Donohue 《Journal of neuroscience research》1986,16(1):89-96
In situ cDNA:mRNA hybridization is a technique that has been developed for the visualization of cDNA:mRNA hybrids in individual cells. To use this technique to answer questions of regulation in heterogeneous populations of cells in the brain, it must be combined with other procedures allowing for the identification of functional subgroups of neurons. We report here a procedure by which in situ cDNA:mRNA hybridization may be combined with retrograde axonal tracing using the fluorescent tracer fast blue. Using this technique, it now becomes possible to measure mRNA regulation in functional subsets of cells defined by their axonal projections. 相似文献
57.
Synergistic effects of Nell-1 and BMP-2 on the osteogenic differentiation of myoblasts. 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Catherine M Cowan Xinquan Jiang Tiffany Hsu Chia Soo Beiji Zhang Joyce Z Wang Shun'ichi Kuroda Benjamin Wu Zhiyuan Zhang Xinli Zhang Kang Ting 《Journal of bone and mineral research》2007,22(6):918-930
Osteogenesis is synergistically enhanced by the combined effect of complimentary factors. This study showed that Nell-1 and BMP-2 synergistically enhanced osteogenic differentiation of myoblasts and phosphorylated the JNK MAPK pathway. The findings are important because of the osteochondral specificity of Nell-1 signaling and the potential therapeutic effects of coordinated BMP-2 and Nell-1 delivery. INTRODUCTION: BMPs play an important role in the migration and proliferation of mesenchymal cells and have a unique ability to alter the differentiation of mesenchymal cells toward chondrogenic and osteogenic lineages. Signaling upstream of Cbfa1/Runx2, BMPs effects are not limited to cells of the osteoblast lineage. Thus, additional osteoblast-specific factors that could synergize with BMP-2 would be advantageous for bone regeneration procedures. NELL-1 (NEL-like molecule-1; NEL [a protein strongly expressed in neural tissue encoding epidermal growth factor like domain]) is a novel growth factor believed to preferentially target cells committed to the osteochondral lineage. MATERIALS AND METHODS: C2C12 myoblasts were transduced with AdLacZ, AdNell-1, AdBMP-2, or AdNell-1+AdBMP-2 overexpression viruses. Effects were studied by cell morphology, alkaline phosphatase activity, osteopontin production, and MAPK signaling. Additionally, in a nude mouse model, viruses were injected into leg muscles, and new bone formation was examined after 2 and 8 wk. RESULTS: C2C12 myoblasts co-transduced with AdNell-1+AdBMP-2 showed a synergistic effect on osteogenic differentiation as detected by alkaline phosphatase activity and osteopontin production. Nell-1 stimulation on AdNell-1 + AdBMP-2 preconditioned C2C12 cells revealed significant activation of the non-BMP-2 associated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) MAPK signaling pathway, but not the p38 or extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) MAPK pathways. Importantly Nell-1 alone did not induce osteogenic differentiation of myoblasts. In a nude mouse model, injection of AdNell-1 alone stimulated no bone formation within muscle; however, injection of AdNell-1+AdBMP-2 stimulated a synergistic increase in bone formation compared with AdBMP-2 alone. CONCLUSIONS: These findings are important because of the confirmed osteochondral specificity of Nell-1 signaling and the potential therapeutic effects of enhanced BMP-2 action with coordinated Nell-1 delivery. 相似文献
58.
Michelle K Nurzenski N Kathryn Briffa Roger I Price Benjamin C C Khoo Amanda Devine Thomas J Beck Richard L Prince 《Journal of bone and mineral research》2007,22(3):416-424
A population-based study on 1008 postmenopausal women identified that the 24% of women achieving high levels of PA and CI had 3.4-4.4% higher femoral bone strength in axial compression and 1.7-5.2% in bending than those achieving low levels, indicating that lifestyle factors influence bone strength in the proximal femur. INTRODUCTION: Extensive research has shown that increased physical activity (PA) and calcium intake (CI) decrease the rate of bone loss; however, there is little research on how these lifestyle variables affect bone geometry. This study was designed to investigate the effects of modifiable lifestyle variables, habitual PA and dietary CI, on femoral geometry in older women. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Femoral geometry, habitual PA, and dietary CI were measured in a population-based sample of 1008 women (median age+/-interquartile range, 75+/-4years) enrolled in a randomized controlled trial (RCT) of calcium supplementation. Baseline PA and CI were assessed by validated questionnaires, and 1-year DXA scans (Hologic 4500A) were analyzed using the hip structural analysis technique. Section modulus (Z), an index of bending strength, cross-sectional area (CSA), an index of axial compression strength, subperiosteal width (SPW), and centroid position, the position of the center of mass, were measured at the femoral neck (NN), intertrochanter (IT), and femoral shaft (FS) sites. These data were divided into tertiles of PA and CI, and the results were compared using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), with corrections for age, height, weight, and treatment (calcium/placebo). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: PA showed a significant dose-response effect on CSA all hip sites (p<0.03) and Z at the narrow neck and intertrochanter sites (p<0.02). For CI, there was a dose-response effect for centroid position at the intertrochanter (p=0.03). These effects were additive, such that the women (n=240) with PA in excess of 65.5 kcal/day and CI in excess of 1039 mg/day had significantly greater CSA (NN, 4.4%; IT, 4.3%; FS, 3.4%) and Z (NN, 3.9%; IT, 5.2%). These data show a favorable association between PA and aspects of bone structural geometry consistent with better bone strength. Association between CI and bone structure was only evident in 1 of 15 variables tested. However, there was evidence that there may be additive effects, whereby women with high levels of PA and CI in excess of 1039 mg/day had significantly greater CSA (NN, 0.4%; FS, 2.1%) and Z (IT, 3.0%) than women with high PA but low CI. These data show that current public health guidelines for PA and dietary CI are not inappropriate where bone structure is the health component of interest. 相似文献
59.
60.
Ofer Gemer Benjamin Piura Shmuel Segal Ilana Yanai Inbar 《International journal of gynecological pathology》2003,22(4):398-400
Chondroid syringoma of the vulva is an extremely rare tumor. Of the previously reported cases, only one was clinically malignant. The authors describe a case of chondroid syringoma of the right labium majus from which arose a papillary adenocarcinoma. A right inguinal lymph node was replaced with metastatic adenocarcinoma. 相似文献