全文获取类型
收费全文 | 3172篇 |
免费 | 198篇 |
国内免费 | 8篇 |
专业分类
耳鼻咽喉 | 16篇 |
儿科学 | 109篇 |
妇产科学 | 52篇 |
基础医学 | 542篇 |
口腔科学 | 41篇 |
临床医学 | 255篇 |
内科学 | 518篇 |
皮肤病学 | 167篇 |
神经病学 | 424篇 |
特种医学 | 88篇 |
外科学 | 340篇 |
综合类 | 8篇 |
一般理论 | 1篇 |
预防医学 | 311篇 |
眼科学 | 36篇 |
药学 | 208篇 |
中国医学 | 9篇 |
肿瘤学 | 253篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 6篇 |
2023年 | 24篇 |
2022年 | 41篇 |
2021年 | 70篇 |
2020年 | 54篇 |
2019年 | 72篇 |
2018年 | 71篇 |
2017年 | 57篇 |
2016年 | 90篇 |
2015年 | 70篇 |
2014年 | 105篇 |
2013年 | 123篇 |
2012年 | 231篇 |
2011年 | 230篇 |
2010年 | 123篇 |
2009年 | 120篇 |
2008年 | 203篇 |
2007年 | 192篇 |
2006年 | 214篇 |
2005年 | 246篇 |
2004年 | 191篇 |
2003年 | 166篇 |
2002年 | 174篇 |
2001年 | 40篇 |
2000年 | 21篇 |
1999年 | 57篇 |
1998年 | 45篇 |
1997年 | 40篇 |
1996年 | 41篇 |
1995年 | 42篇 |
1994年 | 23篇 |
1993年 | 28篇 |
1992年 | 10篇 |
1991年 | 8篇 |
1990年 | 8篇 |
1989年 | 8篇 |
1988年 | 10篇 |
1985年 | 6篇 |
1983年 | 10篇 |
1981年 | 8篇 |
1980年 | 4篇 |
1979年 | 11篇 |
1978年 | 10篇 |
1976年 | 8篇 |
1975年 | 6篇 |
1974年 | 5篇 |
1972年 | 5篇 |
1971年 | 6篇 |
1968年 | 7篇 |
1967年 | 4篇 |
排序方式: 共有3378条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
71.
72.
73.
Graham SM Ahmed T Amanullah F Browning R Cardenas V Casenghi M Cuevas LE Gale M Gie RP Grzemska M Handelsman E Hatherill M Hesseling AC Jean-Philippe P Kampmann B Kabra SK Lienhardt C Lighter-Fisher J Madhi S Makhene M Marais BJ McNeeley DF Menzies H Mitchell C Modi S Mofenson L Musoke P Nachman S Powell C Rigaud M Rouzier V Starke JR Swaminathan S Wingfield C 《The Journal of infectious diseases》2012,205(Z2):S199-S208
There is a critical need for improved diagnosis of tuberculosis in children, particularly in young children with intrathoracic disease as this represents the most common type of tuberculosis in children and the greatest diagnostic challenge. There is also a need for standardized clinical case definitions for the evaluation of diagnostics in prospective clinical research studies that include children in whom tuberculosis is suspected but not confirmed by culture of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A panel representing a wide range of expertise and child tuberculosis research experience aimed to develop standardized clinical research case definitions for intrathoracic tuberculosis in children to enable harmonized evaluation of new tuberculosis diagnostic technologies in pediatric populations. Draft definitions and statements were proposed and circulated widely for feedback. An expert panel then considered each of the proposed definitions and statements relating to clinical definitions. Formal group consensus rules were established and consensus was reached for each statement. The definitions presented in this article are intended for use in clinical research to evaluate diagnostic assays and not for individual patient diagnosis or treatment decisions. A complementary article addresses methodological issues to consider for research of diagnostics in children with suspected tuberculosis. 相似文献
74.
75.
Helen A. Fletcher Rachel Tanner Robert S. Wallis Joel Meyer Zita-Rose Manjaly Stephanie Harris Iman Satti Richard F. Silver Dan Hoft Beate Kampmann K. Barry Walker Hazel M. Dockrell Uli Fruth Lew Barker Michael J. Brennan Helen McShane 《Clinical and Vaccine Immunology : CVI》2013,20(11):1683-1689
Despite the widespread use of the Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccine, there are more than 9 million new cases of tuberculosis (TB) every year, and there is an urgent need for better TB vaccines. TB vaccine candidates are selected for evaluation based in part on the detection of an antigen-specific gamma interferon (IFN-γ) response. The measurement of mycobacterial growth in blood specimens obtained from subjects immunized with investigational TB vaccines may be a better in vitro correlate of in vivo vaccine efficacy. We performed a clinical study with 30 United Kingdom adults who were followed for 6 months to evaluate the abilities of both a whole-blood- and a novel peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC)-based mycobacterial growth inhibition assay to measure a response to primary vaccination and revaccination with BCG. Using cryopreserved PBMCs, we observed a significant improvement in mycobacterial growth inhibition following primary vaccination but no improvement in growth inhibition following revaccination with BCG (P < 0.05). Mycobacterial growth inhibition following primary BCG vaccination was not correlated with purified protein derivative (PPD) antigen-specific IFN-γ enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) responses. We demonstrate that a mycobacterial growth inhibition assay can detect improved capacity to control growth following primary immunization, but not revaccination, with BCG. This is the first study to demonstrate that an in vitro growth inhibition assay can identify a difference in vaccine responses by comparing both primary and secondary BCG vaccinations, suggesting that in vitro growth inhibition assays may serve as better surrogates of clinical efficacy than the assays currently used for the assessment of candidate TB vaccines. 相似文献
76.
Robert Bergholz Marcus Zschiegner Georg Eschenburg Katharina Wenke Bastian Tiemann Beate Roth Birgit Appl Konrad Reinshagen Dirk Sommerfeldt Ina Ridderbusch 《Journal of pediatric surgery》2013
Introduction
The aim of our study is to establish a reliable neonatal rat model by formula feeding only for evaluation of early surgical intervention on the course of experimental necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC).Material and methods
Newborn Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into 50 breast-fed (group 1) and 38 formula fed (Similac/Esbilac, group 2) animals. The pups were sacrificed on the 4th, 5th, and 6th day of life and the terminal intestine examined for macroscopic and histologic changes as well as cytokine expression.Results
The histological mucosal damage was significantly higher of group 2 compared to group 1. The area of the vital mucosa of group 2 was significantly (58.57%, p < 0.001) lower compared to group 1 (75.12%). The mRNA expression of the inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-8 and COX-2 was significantly 2-, 5- and 10-fold increased in group 2 compared to group 1.Discussion
Formula fed newborn rats displayed an inflammatory enterocolitis similar to human NEC. Our study demonstrates a significant loss of mucosa in animals with NEC having increased expression levels of IL-6, IL-8 and COX-2. Mucosal loss appears to be a distinct feature of experimental NEC and has to be correlated with the human disease. 相似文献77.
78.
79.
Bumbacea D Arend SM Eyuboglu F Fishman JA Goletti D Ison MG Jones CE Kampmann B Kotton CN Lange C Ljungman P Milburn H Morris MI Muller E Mu?oz P Nellore A Rieder HL Sester U Theodoropoulos N Wagner D Sester M 《The European respiratory journal》2012,40(4):990-1013
Tuberculosis (TB) is a possible complication of solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The identification of candidates for preventive chemotherapy is an effective intervention to protect transplant recipients with latent infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis from progressing to active disease. The best available proxy for diagnosing latent infection with M. tuberculosis is the identification of an adaptive immune response by the tuberculin skin test or an interferon-γ based ex vivo assay. Risk assessment in transplant recipients for the development of TB depends on, among other factors, the locally expected underlying prevalence of infection with M. tuberculosis in the target population. In areas of high prevalence, preventive chemotherapy for all transplant recipients may be justified without immunodiagnostic testing while in areas of medium and low prevalence, preventive chemotherapy should only be offered to candidates with positive M. tuberculosis-specific immune responses. The diagnosis of TB in transplant recipients can be challenging. Treatment of TB is often difficult due to substantial interactions between anti-TB drugs and immunosuppressive medications. This management guideline summarises current knowledge on the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of TB related to solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and provides an expert consensus on questions where scientific evidence is still lacking. 相似文献
80.
Susanne Scheipl Birgit Lohberger Beate Rinner Elke Verena Froehlich Alfred Beham Franz Quehenberger Aron Lazáry Peter Pal Varga Johannes Haybaeck Andreas Leithner Bernadette Liegl 《Journal of orthopaedic research》2013,31(12):1999-2005
Chordomas are rare malignancies of the axial skeleton. Therapy is mainly restricted to surgery. This study investigates histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors as potential therapeutics for chordomas. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed using the HDAC 1–6 antibodies on 50 chordoma samples (34 primary tumors, 16 recurrences) from 44 patients (27 male, 17 female). Pan‐HDAC‐inhibitors Vorinostat (SAHA), Panobinostat (LBH‐589), and Belinostat (PXD101) were tested for their efficacy in the chordoma cell line MUG‐Chor1 via Western blot, cell cycle analysis, caspase 3/7 activity (MUG‐Chor1, UCh‐1), cleaved caspase‐3, and PARP cleavage. p‐Values below 0.05 were considered significant. IHC was negative for HDAC1, positive for HDAC2 in most (n = 36; 72%), and for HDACs 3–6 in all specimens available (n = 43; 86%). HDAC6 expression was strongest. SAHA and LBH‐589, but not PXD101 caused a significant increase of G2/M phase cells and of cleaved caspase‐3 (p = 0.0003, and p = 0.0014 after 72 h, respectively), and a peak of caspase 3/7 activity. PARP cleavage confirmed apoptosis. The presented chordoma series expressed HDACs 2–6 with strongest expression of HDAC6. SAHA and LBH‐589 significantly increased apoptosis and changed cell cycle distribution in vitro. HDAC‐inhibitors should be further evaluated as therapeutic options for chordoma. © 2013 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 31:1999–2005, 2013 相似文献