The protective effects of hyperimmune anti-murine cytomegalovirus antiserum against lethal viral challenge: the case for passive-active immunization

The administration of 0.2 ml of hyperimmune anti-mouse cytomegalovirus (CMV) antiserum intraperitoneally (ip) or intravenously provided complete protection against lethal challenge (10(5.8) PFU ip) with murine CMV. Antiserum protection was complete when the antiserum was administered as long as 24 hr after viral challenge. The administration of antiserum had little effect on the titers of virus in the organs of these animals. Ammonium sulfate-treated antiserum provided similar complete protection. Animals rechallenged with 10(6)-10(6.5) PFU of murine CMV 1 month after initial challenge, at a time when the administrated antiserum was no longer detectable, all survived. We conclude that hyperimmune antiserum can provide significant protection against otherwise lethal murine CMV infection, that the protecting material lies within the immunoglobulin fraction, and that long-term immunity results from the combined exposure to virus and antiserum. Such passive-active protection could be useful in protecting against human CMV infection.     

Experimental interstitial renal fibrosis in rats: nephritis induced by N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)succinimide.

The nephrotoxic properties of the chemical N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-succinimide were investigated in rats with a view to establishing the usefulness of this chemically-induced nephritis as a model of chronic interstitial renal fibrosis. The compound was synthesized and given daily by gastric intubation as a suspension in arachis oil B.P. to male WAG-strain rats, for periods of up to 108 days. Polydipsia and polyuria resulted rapidly in all treated animals and persisted for the duration of the experiment. There was a progressive increase in the extent of proteinuria in all treated animals and, by the end of the experiment, there was an increase in the plasma levels of urea and creatinine. Short term treatment (up to 3 days) resulted in focal areas of necrosis of some proximal convoluted tubules. Treatment for 28 days resulted in patchy but severe tubular interstitial nephritis with which was associated a moderate interstitial fibrosis. By 108 days, the nephritis was more widespread and the interstitial fibrosis was severe. The activity of proline hydroxylase, a part of the intracellular sequence of collagen synthesis, showed progressive increase in the renal cortex throughout the experiment and there was an associated increase in the cortical hydroxyproline content, a measure of the amount of collagen present. Associated with this biochemical evidence of an active, chronic fibrosis, was an increased water content of the cortical tissue. The results indicate that this chemically-induced, tubular interstitial nephritis is indeed a good and reliable model of interstitial renal fibrosis.     

Co-expression of the P75 neurotrophin receptor and neurotrophin receptor-interacting melanoma antigen homolog in the mature rat brain

The p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75(NTR)) is involved in the regulation of neuronal survival and phenotype, but its signal transduction mechanisms are poorly understood. Recent evidence has implicated the cytoplasmic protein NRAGE (neurotrophin receptor-interacting MAGE (from Melanoma AntiGEn) homolog) in p75(NTR) signaling. To gain further insight into the role of NRAGE, we investigated the co-expression of NRAGE and p75(NTR) in mature rat brain. In all areas examined, NRAGE appeared to be confined to neurons. In the basal forebrain cholinergic complex, NRAGE immunoreactivity was evident in all p75(NTR)-positive neurons. There were many more NRAGE-positive than p75(NTR)-positive neurons in these regions, however. NRAGE was also expressed in areas of the basal forebrain that did not express p75(NTR), including the lateral septal nucleus and the nucleus accumbens. A finding in marked contrast to previous studies was the presence of p75(NTR) immunoreactivity in neuronal cell bodies in the hippocampus. Hippocampal p75(NTR) immunoreactivity was apparent in rats 6 months and older, and was localized to the dentate gyrus and stratum oriens. All p75(NTR)-positive neurons in the dentate gyrus and hippocampal formation were positive for NRAGE. The majority of granular cells of the dentate gyrus and pyramidal cells in the hippocampal formation were positive for NRAGE and negative for p75(NTR). NRAGE was also present in some neuronal populations that express p75(NTR) after injury, including striatal cholinergic interneurons, and motor neurons. A region of marked disparity was the cerebral cortex, in which NRAGE immunoreactivity was widespread whereas p75(NTR) was absent. The results are consistent with an important role for NRAGE in p75(NTR) signaling, as all cells that expressed p75(NTR) also expressed NRAGE. The wider distribution of NRAGE expression suggests that NRAGE may also participate in other signaling processes.     

Transport of methionine in Trypanosoma brucei brucei

African trypanosomes live free in the bloodstream and central nervous system of mammalian hosts and also within the midgut of the tsetse fly vectors which transmit them. The parasite plasma membrane represents the interface between both hosts and parasite, and trypanosomes accumulate many essential metabolites via specific transport processes. L-Methionine uptake by procyclic and bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma brucei has been measured and shown to be mediated by a transporter presenting similar characteristics in both forms of the parasite. The carrier shows, in both forms, a relatively high affinity for methionine (Km ca. 30 microM). The effect of inhibitors of ion gradients across the membrane indicated that the uptake process is likely to be dependent upon a proton motive force. Various methionine analogues were tested against the transporter and these have demonstrated that the recognition depends on the motif common to all amino acids, and an electronegative group at the position of the sulphur atom separated from the alpha-carbon atom by a two carbon spacer.     

Relationships among ragweed skin tests and both allergen specific and nonspecific nasal provocation.

Twenty-six patients with ragweed-induced allergic rhinitis were evaluated prior to the onset of seasonal symptoms. Ragweed skin tests and nasal challenges were performed 2 weeks after histamine nasal provocation. A correlation between ragweed skin tests and nasal challenges was detected (r = .4867, P much less than .01). Histamine challenges did not correlate with either of the other variables. A properly performed skin test predicts nasal reactivity to the same allergen. A clinical role for nonspecific nasal provocation could not be determined.     

Maternal transmission of mitochondrial DNA in interspecific hybrids of Populus

Summary Restriction fragment analysis was conducted to investigate the mode of inheritance of mitochondrial (mt) DNA in F₁ progeny of two P. deltoides x P. deltoides, three P. deltoides x P. nigra, and two P. deltoides x P. maximowiczii controlled crosses, and in Populus x canadensis by using 16 restriction endonucleases and two heterologous probes of cloned mtDNA fragments of maize. Five restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) of mtDNA differentiated P. deltoides from P. nigra, whereas three RFLPs of mtDNA separated P. deltoides from P. maximowiczii. In all cases, F₁ progeny of P. deltoides x P. nigra, and P. deltoides x P. maximowiczii, crosses had mtDNA restriction fragments of only their maternal P. deltoides parents. P. x canadensis had mtDNA restriction fragments of only P. deltoides. F₁ progeny of intraspecific P. deltoides crosses also had the same mtDNA fragments as their maternal parent. The results clearly demonstrate uniparental-maternal inheritance of the mitochondrial genome in F₁ interspecific hybrids of P. deltoides with P. nigra and P. maximowiczii.     

Effect of antibody-induced modulation of measles (SSPE) virus membrane proteins on beta-adrenergic receptor-mediated adenylate cyclase activity

The effect of measles virus antiserum on the expression of viral glycoproteins on the membranes of measles (SSPE) persistently infected C6 rat glioma cells was studied. There was a gradual loss of virus membrane antigen from these cells until no antigen was detectable 18 days after initiation of antiserum treatment. At this stage approximately 25% of cells still displayed intracellular virus antigen which was also lost after further cell passages. There was an accompanying recovery of the previously reported disrupted catecholamine-dependent beta-adrenergic receptor-stimulated cAMP synthesis in antiserum-treated cells which coincided with the loss of viral antigen from the membrane. This was determined to be due to a recovery of fluoride-stimulated activity of the cAMP synthesising adenylate cyclase enzyme to normal values. Thus we demonstrate that the impairment of this important cell function was due to insertion of viral antigen in the cell membrane rather than its accumulation in the cytoplasm.