An assessment of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate as an antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory agent in sepsis.

Tissue lesion mechanisms provoked by sepsis include the infectious process, inflammation, and cellular energy deficit. We chose to test fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (FBP) because of its possible anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial actions. Wistar rats were used and divided into three experimental groups: a control group (n=10), in which a capsule was introduced into the peritoneum of the animals; a septic group (n=10), in which a capsule containing non-sterile fecal matter was introduced together with Escherichia coli (1.5 x 10(9)CFU); and a septic group treated with FBP 500 mg/kg (n=10). The blood cell tests revealed that levels of leukocytes increased significantly in the septic group when compared to both the septic group treated with FBP and the control group. The blood cultures were 100% positive in both the septic group and the septic group treated with bisphosphorylated sugar. The antibiogram only revealed an inhibitory halo in the case of the antibiotic ampicillin, there was no such indication for FBP. The anti-inflammatory power of FBP remained at 60% for 5 h in the rats that received the carrageenan injection. What is more, the sugar reduced the levels of ionic calcium in relation to the control group. This data proves the validity of using FBP in the treatment of sepsis, possibly due to its anti-inflammatory rather than antimicrobial action.     

Risk Factors for Male Breast Cancer (United States)

Objectives: The etiology of male breast cancer is obscure, although an excess risk has been associated with Klinefelter syndrome, testicular disorders, benign breast disease including gynecomastia, use of exogenous estrogens, radiation, and a family history of male or female breast cancer. We conducted a case-control study to investigate risk factors further for breast cancer in men.Methods: Based on data from the 1986 National (United States) Mortality Followback Survey (NMFS) of almost 20,000 deceased adults (age 25 years or over), we compared information obtained from next-of-kin interviews of 178 men who died of breast cancer with that of 512 male controls who died of other causes. Information was obtained on selected demographic and other factors, including diet, exercise, occupation, height and weight, and use of tobacco and alcohol.Results: Increased risks were found for men who were described by their next-of-kin as very overweight (odds ratio [OR] = 2.3, 95 percent confidence interval [CI] = 1.1-5.0). The risks associated with the three upper quartiles of body mass index (BMI) (wt/ht²) were 1.3, 1.6, and 2.3, respectively, with a significant dose-response relationship (P < 0.01). An excess risk was also associated with limited exercise (OR = 1.3, CI = 0.8-2.0). Consumption of red meat was associated with an increased risk, and consumption of fruits and vegetables with a decreased risk, although the trends were not significant. No association was found for tobacco or alcohol use, but an excess risk was associated with higher levels of socioeconomic status (SES) (OR = 1.8, CI = 1.1-3.0).Conclusions: Our study suggests that obesity increases the risk of male breast cancer, possibly through hormonal mechanisms, while dietary factors, physical activity, and SES indicators also deserve further investigation. Cancer Causes andd Control 1998, 269-275     

口服葡萄糖酸钙提质生产注射葡萄糖酸钙的探讨

目的：生产注射葡萄糖酸钙。方法：以口服葡萄酸钙为原料，通过提高其澄明度和降低其杂质含量使其达到注射葡萄糖酸钙的质量要求。结论：本工艺方法具有投入设备少、副反应少、产品质量好等特点。     

Estrogen-regulated progestin receptors are found in the midbrain raphe but not hippocampus of estrogen receptor alpha (ER alpha) gene-disrupted mice

Estrogen and progesterone may modulate serotonergic function through intracellular receptors, alpha (ER alpha) and/or beta (ER beta), and the progestin receptor (PR). Studies in macaque and rat suggest species differences in steroid action. Presently, we examined the mouse. To identify whether ER alpha is involved in estrogen induction of PR in midbrain raphe, we studied the ER alpha gene-disrupted (alpha ERKO) mouse. The hippocampus was examined as another estrogen/progestin-sensitive brain area reported to express ER alpha, ER beta, and PR. Female and male homozygous alpha ERKO and wildtype mice were gonadectomized and given estradiol benzoate or vehicle. Dual-label immunocytochemistry was performed for PR or ER alpha and the serotonin-synthesizing enzyme, tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH). Cells exhibiting PR immunoreactivity (PR-ir) or ER alpha-ir were observed in dorsal and median raphe and hippocampus in both sexes. No ER alpha-ir cells were observed in alpha ERKO brains. In raphe, PR-ir or ER alpha-ir often colocalized with TPH-ir. Thus, estrogen and progesterone may directly modulate gene expression in select serotonergic neurons via ER alpha and PR in female and male mice. Estrogen significantly increased the number of PR-ir cells, and the percentage of PR-ir cells colocalizing TPH-ir in both raphe nuclei, regardless of sex and genotype. Although less among alpha ERKO mice, the significant estrogen induction of PRs implicates the involvement of another ER, perhaps ER beta. In hippocampus, distinct estrogen-induced PR-ir cells were observed only in wildtype animals, demonstrating an ER alpha-mediated event in this forebrain region. Collectively, these findings suggest that estrogen can regulate the expression of one gene (the PR) via multiple mechanisms, based upon brain region.     

Day-case laparoscopy: a comparison of prophylactic opioid, NSAID or local anesthesia for postoperative analgesia

BACKGROUND: The study was aimed to evaluate the analgesic efficacy, postoperative comfort, recovery characteristics and side effects of three different analgesic agents administered prophylactically. METHODS: Eighty patients undergoing day-case minor operative laparoscopy were randomly allocated into four groups to receive tenoxicam 20 mg i.v. (Group T), fentanyl 100 microg i.v. (Group F), 5 ml of bupivacaine 2.5 mg/ml for infiltration of trocar sites (Group B), 30, 10 and 5 min before incision respectively. Bupivacaine, 35 ml, 2.5 mg/ml was also administered into the pelvic cavity in Group B. Group P received only placebo. Postoperative pain, analgesic requirements, first response to verbal stimulus, first analgesic requirement, ability to walk without help, to drink and to void, blood pressures, SpO2 and respiration rates were recorded in the PACU. Postoperative pain was evaluated by verbal rating scale. Pain scores, analgesic requirements and side effects were evaluated by telephone calls until the 48th postoperative hour. RESULTS: Postoperative pain scores were lower and time to requirement of rescue analgesics was longer in groups F and B compared to Group P. In the PACU, analgesic requirements were lower in Group B, compared to Group P. Nausea and vomiting were increased in Group F. CONCLUSION: Tenoxicam 20 mg i.v. was found to be ineffective whereas bupivacaine was superior to other groups in reducing pain and analgesic requirements. Bupivacaine also increased time to first analgesics and obtained better recovery characteristics, underlining its value in prophylactic pain management compared to the other two agents.     

上颌窦窦口大小与鼻内镜手术疗效

目的探讨鼻内镜手术中扩大上颌窦自然窦口大小对手术疗效的影响.方法对我院1995～2002年Ⅱ型鼻窦炎患者行ESS手术扩大上颌窦自然窦口,按大小分为两组.一组为0.5～1.0cm,另一组为＞1.0cm.术后随访6～12月.结果窦口0.5～1.0cm治愈率为84.4%;窦口＞1.0cm治愈率为71.3%.窦口0.5～1.0cm明显优于窦口＞1.0cm,两组间治愈率差异有显著性意义(P＜0.01).结论在FESS手术中上颌窦自然窦口不宜过分扩大.     

Do women fare worse: a metaanalysis of gender differences in traumatic brain injury outcome

OBJECT: The purpose of this metaanalysis was to investigate possible gender differences in traumatic brain injury (TBI) sequelae. The case fatality rates in patients after TBI have previously been shown to be significantly higher in women as compared with men. METHODS: A quantitative review of published studies of TBI outcome revealed eight studies (20 outcome variables) of TBI, in which outcome was reported separately for men and women. CONCLUSIONS: Outcome was worse in women than in men for 85% of the measured variables, with an average effect size of -0.15. Although clinical opinion is often that women tend to experience better outcomes than men after TBI, the opposite pattern was suggested in the results of this metaanalysis. However, this conclusion is limited by the fact that, in only a small percentage of the total published reports on TBI outcome, was outcome described separately for each sex. A careful, prospective study of sex differences in TBI outcome is clearly needed.     

替加色罗大鼠体内药代动力学研究

目的　建立大鼠血浆中替加色罗的HPLC测定法 ,以测定大鼠ig替加色罗后的血药浓度 ,并对其药代动力学进行评价。方法　血浆样品加入内标后用乙酸乙酯提取 ,进行HPLC分析 ,流动相为甲醇 乙腈 水 (6 0∶8∶32 ,含 0 8%冰醋酸 ,0 4 %三乙胺 ,v/v) ,流速为 1 0ml/min ,检测波长为 310nm。大鼠ig 5 0、10 0、2 0 0mg·kg-1替加色罗后 ,测定其血浆中替加色罗的浓度 ,计算主要药动学参数。结果　血浆中替加色罗在 2 0 0ng/ml～ 80 0 0ng/ml浓度范围内线性关系良好 ,血浆中替加色罗的最低检测限为 1 0ng/ml。大鼠ig 5 0、10 0、2 0 0mg·kg 1替加色罗后 ,估算的末端相半衰期分别为 0 86、1 0 9、1 0 8h ,3种剂量的半衰期相近 ,AUC与剂量间呈良好的线性关系 (r =0 9996 )。结论　本实验建立的分析方法灵敏、准确、简便。在5 0～ 2 0 0mg·kg 1剂量范围内 ,替加色罗在大鼠体内符合线性药物动力学特征 ,平均半衰期为 1 0 1h。     

脉络宁口服液对血小板聚集及血栓形成的影响

目的　研究脉络宁口服液对血小板聚集及血栓形成的影响。方法　采用了血小板聚集试验、抗血栓形成试验、溶栓试验。结果　脉络宁口服液能明显地抑制家兔血小板聚集 ;明显地抑制家兔体内及体外血栓形成 ;对已形成的血栓有溶解作用。结论　脉络宁口服液能够抑制血小板聚集 ,抗血栓形成 ,同时具有一定的溶栓作用。     

色谱柱柱长的选用对一检品检验成本的影响

目的探讨色谱柱柱长的选用对一检品——小儿豉翘清热颗粒检验成本的影响。方法用HPLC法测定小儿豉翘清热颗粒中栀子苷含量,用不同号色谱柱来测定,进行柱效、分离度、含量的对比,进行成本核算。结果NO.047401柱较NO.213133柱每月(生产30批计)可节约检验成本约2000元左右。结论经过实践,在本制剂的含量测定中NO.047401柱比NO.213133柱更适用。