Fibre type characteristics of the lumbar paraspinal muscles in normal healthy subjects and in patients with low back pain

A knowledge of the alteration in the fibre type profile of paraspinal muscle associated with low back pain is essential for the design of successful rehabilitation programmes. In attempting to compare the muscles of patients with low back pain with those of controls, few previous studies have considered factors such as gender, age, and size of the subjects, each of which can potentially confound interpretation of the results. We obtained samples of lumbar paraspinal muscle during spinal surgery from 21 patients with low back pain and, using the percutaneous biopsy technique, from 21 control volunteers matched for gender, age, and body mass. The samples were subject to routine histochemicsl typcal analysis to determine characteristics of muscle fibre type. Compared with controls, the muscle of the patients had a significantly higher proportion of type-IIB (fast-twitch glycolytic) fibres than type- I (slow oxidatve) fibres. The mean size of a given fibre type did not differ between the patients and the controls. Consequently, the relative area of the muscle iccupied by type-IIB fibres was higher and that by type-I fibres Was lower in the patients. The patients had a greater number of muscle samples with more than 1% type-IIC fibres, and abnormalities that could be described as pathological were more marked in the patients than in the controls. In conclusion, the paraspinal muscles of patients who have low back pain display a more glycolytic (faster) profile; this can be expected to render them less resistant to fatigue.     

Breast Cancer Genes

Abstract: The identification of familial breast cancer genes heralds an era of directed breast cancer treatment. Currently, two hereditary breast cancer genes have been identified, BRCA-1 and BRCA-2 . Although accounting for only approximately 5% of all breast cancers, they are being used to identify women with germ-line alterations that are at high risk of developing breast or ovarian cancer. With the identification of such genes comes a need for consideration of the ethical issues associated with testing. These genes are also being examined from a biochemical standpoint encompassing both their biological roles and biochemical pathways in which they reside. Such studies are likely to lead to novel breast cancer therapies.     

In vivo comparison of two through-plane MR velocity mapping methods: Fast fourier encoding and phase mapping

Magnetic resonance imaging maps of velocity were acquired with a 1.5-T system in 10 subjects in a plane perpendicular to the main pulmonary artery. Velocity images were successively acquired with a method developed from Fourier-encoding velocity imaging (FEVI) principles with eight gradient steps and one excitation, and with two-point phase-subtraction mapping. Reconstruction in FEVI was implemented by zero-filling interpolation around the eight gradient steps and then around the four central steps. The methods were compared by using estimates of noise in velocity measurements based on the difference between the experimental map and a smooth fitted map. For the same acquisition time, FEVI with four encoding steps was more precise in velocity measurements than phase mapping. Precision was further increased by the use of eight encoding steps, but acquisition time was doubled.     

The effects of menstrual phase and nicotine abstinence on nicotine intake and on biochemical and subjective measures in women smokers: a A preliminary report

Nicotine intake, menstrual and smoking withdrawal symptomatology, and baseline cortisol and MHPG were assessed in nine women smokers under conditions of ad lib smoking and overnight abstinence in three menstrual phases (early follicular, mid-to-late follicular, and late luteal). A trend towards higher nicotine intake p <0.100 was observed in the mid-to-late follicular phase. Although me menstrual symptomatology was not significantly elevated during the smoking abstinence condition overall, abstinence appeared to prevent the normal reduction in symptomatology during the mid-to-late follicular phase that occurred under conditions of ad lib smoking. Menstrual and withdrawal symptoms were highly correlated, and both were most pronounced during the late luteal/abstinence condition. The smoking-specific item “craving” reflected this pattern, though in attenuated form, suggesting that the observed exacerbation of withdrawal symptomatology was not simply due to generalized dysphoria, as queried in both instruments. MHPG was significantly elevated in the late luteal phase, whereas cortisol was significantly higher during ad lib smoking than during abstinence and tended to be highest in the mid-to-late follicular phase. Further investigation will be needed to determine the functional significance of these findings for understanding and treating smoking in women.     

Prediction of Posttreatment Drinking Outcome in a 2-Year Out-Patient Alcoholic Treatment Program. A Follow-up Study

Fifty alcoholics who attended a 2-year out-patient treatment program with standardized evaluations every third month were followed-up 2 years after completion of the program. One patient refused to be followed-up and four were dead. Corroboration was available in 78% of the cases. The number of abuse days from the second half-year of therapy and forward was strongly related to the number of abuse days during the follow-up period as were ratings both of drinking goal fulfillment and fulfillment of other treatment goals at termination of the treatment period. On the contrary initial characteristics and background data as well as the number of abuse days during the first half-year were not related to number of abuse days during the follow-up period. Our findings indicate that improvement during long term out-patient treatment for alcoholism is stable during the following 2 years with a socially stable sample.     

Induction of Donor-Specific Allograft Tolerance by Short-Term Treatment with LF15-0195 After Transplantation. Evidence for a Direct Effect on T-Cell Differentiation

A 20-day treatment with LF15-0195, a deoxyspergualine analog, induced long-term heart allograft survival in the rat without signs of chronic rejection. LF15-0195-treated recipients did not develop an anti-donor alloantibody response. Analysis of graft-infiltrating cells, IL10, TNFalpha, IFNgamma mRNA and iNOS protein expression in allografts, 5 days after transplantation, showed that they were markedly decreased in allografts from LF15-0195-treated recipients compared with allografts from untreated recipients. Surprisingly, spleen T cells from LF15-0195 recipients, 5days after grafting, were able to proliferate strongly in vitro, when stimulated with donor cells, but had reduced mRNA expression for IFNy compared with spleen T cells from untreated graft recipients. Furthermore, when T cells from naive animals were stimulated in vitro, using anti-CD3 and anti-CD28, LF15-0195 also increased T-cell proliferation in a dose-dependent fashion: however, these cells expressed less of the Th1 -related cytokines, IFNgamma and IL2, compared with untreated cells, suggesting that LF15-0195 could act on T-cell differentiation. In conclusion, we show here that a short-term treatment with LF15-0195 induced long-term allograft tolerance, decreasing the in situ anti-donor response, and we illustrate evidence for the development of regulatory mechanisms.