中药抗HIV的有效活性成分的研究进展

0 引言 艾滋病又称为获得性免疫缺陷综合征（Acquired Immuno-Deficiency Syndroma,AIDS）,是继癌症之后严重威胁人类健康和生存的一种传染性疾病．据联合国艾滋病规划署2008-07-29发布的报告,目前全球约有3300多万人感染艾滋病病毒（HIV）．在我国,艾滋病流行形势也十分严峻．引起艾滋病的病原体是人类免疫缺陷病毒（Human Immuno—deficiency Virus,HIV）,或称为艾滋病病毒．HIV侵入人体后主要破坏人体的免疫系统,使人体发生多种难以治愈的感染和肿瘤,     

Oestrogen confers cardioprotection by suppressing Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II

Background and purpose:

Oestrogen confers cardioprotection by down-regulating the β₁-adrenoceptor and suppressing the expression and activity of protein kinase A. We hypothesized that oestrogen may also protect the heart by suppressing Ca²⁺/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), another signalling messenger activated by the β₁-adrenoceptor, that enhances apoptosis.

Experimental approach:

We first determined the expression of CaMKII in the heart from sham and ovariectomized rats with and without oestrogen replacement. We then determined the effects of CaMKII inhibition (KN93, 2.5 µmol·L⁻¹) in the presence or absence of 10⁻⁷ mol·L⁻¹ isoprenaline, a non-selective β-adrenoceptor agonist. We also determined the percentage apoptosis in myocytes from rats in each group with or without β-adrenoceptor stimulation.

Key results:

Both CaMKIIδ and phosphorylated CaMKII were up-regulated in the hearts from ovariectomized rats, and they were restored to normal by oestrogen replacement. The infarct size and lactate dehydrogenase release were significantly greater after ovariectomy. Similarly, cardiac contractility, the amplitude of the electrically induced intracellular Ca²⁺ transient and the number of apoptotic cells were also greater in ovariectomized rats upon ischaemia/reperfusion in the presence or absence of isoprenaline. Most importantly, the responses to ischaemic insult in ovariectomized rats were reversed not only by oestrogen replacement, but by blockade of CaMKII with KN93.

Conclusions and implications:

Oestrogen confers cardioprotection at least partly by suppressing CaMKIIδ. This effect of oestrogen on CaMKII is independent of the β-adrenoceptor and occurs in addition to down-regulation of the receptor.     

Anti-inflammatory cytokines in subclinical carotid atherosclerosis

Some studies have shown correlations between selected proinflammatory factors and carotid atherosclerosis. It has not been established whether anti-inflammatory cytokines are associated with carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), an ultrasound surrogate marker of atherosclerosis. Therefore, the authors studied the relationship between the carotid IMT and serum levels of interleukin (IL)-10 and transforming growth factor-beta1 in 76 subjects. They discovered that lower IL-10 levels were associated with increased mean IMT in common carotid arteries.     

A quality control measure for longitudinal studies with continuous outcomes

At the time of data acquisition in a longitudinal study a decision needs to be made whether or not the latest measurement of the primary outcome is a potential outlier. If the data point does not fit with the subject's prior data, the patient can be immediately remeasured before he/she leaves the office. From the third visit onwards, a least squares approach can be used to generate prediction intervals for the value of the response at that visit. We propose a Bayesian method for calculating a prediction interval that can incorporate external information about the process that can be used beginning at the first visit. Both the least squares and Bayesian approaches will be used to prospectively clean longitudinal data. An example using longitudinally measured bone density measurements in the elderly will be discussed. In addition, simulation studies will be described which show that both cleaning methods are better than doing nothing and that the Bayesian approach outperforms the least squares method.     

Informant Agreement in Behavior Ratings for Children with Epilepsy

The purpose of this study was to determine the degree of informant agreement for behavioral ratings of children with epilepsy. Informants completed Achenbach's 1991 scales: parents completed the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), teachers completed the Teacher's Report Form (TRF), and youth completed the Youth Self-Report Form of the CBCL (YSR). Analyses included degree of concordance of ratings as a function of informant, child gender, and condition severity (active vs inactive epilepsy). Results indicated that across all four types of raters (mothers, fathers, teachers, and adolescents) there was a similar pattern. Mothers' ratings tended to be the highest and youths' ratings tended to be the lowest across scales. In general, agreement among adult raters was greater than between youth and adults. Mothers and teachers reported more internalizing symptoms than did youth; mother, father, and teacher ratings on externalizing symptoms were not significantly different from each other. There were no significant effects of gender and condition severity on concordance among ratings although there were some interesting trends.     

色氨酸酶基因工程菌酶法合成L-色氨酸

目的：以Ｌ－丝氨酸和吲哚为底物,用色氨酸酶基因工程菌酶法合成Ｌ－色氨酸。方法：以ＩＰＴＧ诱导工程菌色氨酸酶表达,将酶活最高时的工程菌游离细胞作为转化反应的酶源,通过纸层析分析并测定转化液中Ｌ－色氨酸的含量。结果：１００ｍｌ反应液（Ｌ－丝氨酸３ｇ吲哚３ｇ）３７℃反应４８ｈ可积累Ｌ－色氨酸４．９ｇ,Ｌ－丝氨酸转化率为８４．２％,吲哚转化率为９３．６％。经分离经所得的Ｌ－色酸晶体,在熔点、旋光性和红外吸     

Characterization of C3a receptor-proteins on guinea pig platelets and human polymorphonuclear leukocytes

The expression of specific membrane receptors for C3a was determined on guinea pig C3a-sensitive (gp R+) platelets and human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (hu PMNL). Binding studies with 125I-labeled C3a from gp or hu sources and Scatchard analysis applied to the binding data revealed the existence of two receptor classes on gp R+ platelets; a high-affinity class with about 200 binding sites/cell and Kd = 1.7 x 10(-9) M, and a relatively low-affinity class with Kd = 10(-8) M and about 500 sites/cell. Hu PMNL express a homogeneous receptor class with Kd = 3 x 10(-8) M and 40,000 sites/cell. Molecular characterization of the C3a receptor on gp R+ platelets was achieved by (a) cross-linking photoaffinity-labeled receptors to bound 125I-labeled C3a; (b) photoaffinity labeling receptors with a 13-amino acid residue C3a analogue 125I-Nap-Ahx-13; and (c) use of chemical cross-linkers like disuccinimidylsuberate to cross-link receptors with 125I-C3a. All three techniques gave rise to very similar labeling patterns. With the photoaffinity labeling methods, a diffuse band pattern was observed with an apparent molecular mass of 95-123 kDa with 125I-C3a as label, and 85-105 kDa with 125I-Nap-Ahx-13 as label. Chemical cross-linking of 125I-C3a revealed three distinct bands with molecular masses of approximately 123, 108 and 95 kDa. Subtracting the contribution of the cross-linked ligands, the C3a receptor on gp R+ platelets appears to be a protein complex, consisting of one to three components with estimated molecular masses between 83-114 kDa.     

Conformational changes induced by hapten in murine monoclonal antibodies to dinitrophenyl groups--the analysis by temperature-perturbation spectroscopy

Complement receptor for C3b (CR1) on erythrocytes was investigated in various diseases by immune adherence hemagglutination (IAHA) using aggregated human IgG. In normal controls, 21 out of 312 (6%) revealed defective CR1 reactivity, and there was no difference in the prevalence of defective CR1 reactivity between female (11/157, 7%) and male (10/155, 6%). Among diseases examined significantly high prevalence of defective reactivity of CR1 on erythrocytes was seen in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) (22/30, 73%) and malignancy of hematopoietic system, especially in acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)(6/11, 55%).     

白血病抑制因子及其受体与妊娠

白血病抑制因子 ( LIF)是一种多生物学活性的细胞因子。近年来的研究表明 ,LIF存在于子宫内膜、妊娠期蜕膜及胎盘上。它通过与其受体 ( LIFR)结合 ,从而调节胚胎的着床及妊娠的维持。LIF不仅与其他细胞因子之间相互调节 ,且它还受到激素内分泌的严格调控。进一步研究还发现 ,原因不明不孕症妇女子宫内膜 LIF的表达较正常妇女减弱甚至缺失 ,这提示 LIF的异常表达可能是原因不明不孕症患者着床失败的原因之一 ,也为不孕症的治疗及节育技术提出了一条新途径     

福建省艾滋病流行态势及影响因素的分析

[目的 ]研究福建省艾滋病流行态势及其影响因素。[方法 ] HIV抗体检测、流醒病学调查及 HIV亚型鉴定。[结果 ]共检测 780 2 2 9份标本 ,HIV抗体阳性 131例 ,检出率 0 .169‰。其中 AIDS病人 4 1例 ,已死亡 3 7例。流行病学调查确定福建 HIV/AIDS病例主要分布在福州、泉州和厦门等经济较发达的沿海地区。以境外感染为主 ,并向境内蔓延扩散。主要感染途径是异性性接触。分析 32例病人的临床资料 ,表明其存活期短 ,早期症状以持续或反复发热为主。HIVC2 -V3区核苷酸序列分析证实 HIV-1E亚型为本省主要流行株。 [结论 ]福建艾滋病今后流行将主要经性途径 ,但在静脉吸毒人群中也存在 HIV流行的危险