Temporalis myofascial flap in maxillofacial reconstruction: clinical and histological studies of the oral healing process

Objectives—To report our experience with temporalis myofascial flaps (TMF), describe the healing process of uncovered flaps in the mouth, and the histology of the repaired mucosa in the long term. Design—Prospective clinical and histological study. Subjects—36 patients who received a TMF over a 6.5 year period for serial assessment of the oral healing, 24 patients whose scars over the reconstructed area were assessed clinically, and 11 whose repaired mucosa was assessed histologically. Main outcome measures—To follow the clinical process of oral healing of the TMF and describe the repaired mucosa healed over the flap. Results—The uncovered TMF in the mouth healed gradually starting with an acute inflammatory phase, going through chronic inflammatory and proliferative phases with eventual epithelialisation of the oral mucosa. There were no major complications. The healed mucosa showed mild scarring in 70% of cases and the repaired mucosa had characteristic histological features that were distinct from the normal mucosa. Conclusion—The TMF is an extremely reliable and versatile flap for maxillofacial reconstruction which heals gradually with eventual coverage by mildly scarred repaired mucosa.     

Prosthodontic procedures for implant reconstruction. 1. Diagnostic procedures

The University of Sydney Dental School and more recently the Implant Centre have been treating patients with the Brånemark Osseointegration Implant System since 1981. Success depends on close cooperation between surgeon and prosthodontist. This paper describes specific prosthodontic treatment planning procedures based on a general knowledge of prosthodontics, and detailed methods for determining the position, length and alignments of the implants for a specific case by the use of radiographic and surgical templates.     

Comparing the Impact of Oral Disease in Two Populations of Older Adults: Application of the Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index

Objectives : This study compares the distributional and psychometric properties of the Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI) in two samples of older adults, and examines how the self-perceived impact of oral disease, as measured by the GOHAI, varies in accordance with sample sociodemographic and health characteristics. Methods : Results are based on survey data from two samples of older men: a Medicare sample of patients using community physicians (n=799; mean age=74) and users of VA ambulatory health care (n=542; mean age=72). Results : The findings indicated significant differences between samples in mean GOHAI scores, with the VA sample exhibiting worse scores. A number of similarities in psychometric properties of the instrument across the two samples were found: high internal consistency reliability and similar inter-item and item-scale correlations. Factor analyses revealed somewhat different structures between the two samples, but explained similar amounts of variance; regression analyses indicated that income and self-rated oral health were significant predictors of GOHAI scores in both samples. Conclusions : The GOHAI exhibits satisfactory psychometric properties in both samples and is sensitive to sociodemographic differences among and between two samples of older men. Results suggest continued use of the GOHAI as an indicator of the impact of oral conditions on functioning and well-being in a variety of samples.     

Utility of the Dental Aesthetic Index in Industrialized and Developing Countries

To be truly useful, an index must be applicable universally without modification. The data presented in this article support the use of the standard DAI without modification to assess need for orthodontic treatment in both developing and industrialized countries. When students from Thailand, Australia, the German Democratic Republic, and Native Americans residing on Indian reservations rated the same 25 occlusal stimuli (photographs of dental configurations) for dental aesthetics, their ratings of these stimuli when arranged in rank order were highly correlated with those of US students. These 25 occlusal stimuli were a subset of the original 200 occlusal stimuli used in deriving the standard DAI regression equation. This article presents data indicating that when a Native American DAI was derived based on Native American ratings of the same 200 occlusal stimuli used in deriving the standard DAI, the Native American DAI and the standard DAI had the same ten components (orthodontic measurements) and strikingly similar regression coefficients (weights). Further analysis indicated that the two equations were sufficiently similar to justify using the standard DAI to obtain DAI scores on Native Americans and to estimate the relative social acceptability of their dental aesthetics. If ratings for dental aesthetics for the full set of 200 stimuli were available for each of the countries where only 25 were rated, we expect that, as in the case of Native Americans, a country-specific DAI, if computed, would be sufficiently similar to the standard DAI that no modification would be needed to allow use of the standard DAI in that country.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Glass ionomer cements: some factors in film thickness

Investigation of the film thicknesses of four luting glass ionomer cements over a range of powder/liquid ratios indicated that the four cements had a similar potential film thickness of approximately 28 μm. Scanning electron-microscopic examination revealed that the glass ionomer cement powders contain a small number of relatively large particles and an abundance of very fine particles.     

Shape-coordinate and tensor analysis of skeletal changes in children with treated Class III malocclusions

The current study was undertaken to evaluate both maxillary and mandibular shape/size changes in children with Class III malocclusions, treated with a functional appliance (removable mandibular retractor). Nonconventional cephalometric methods (Bookstein's shape coordinate analysis, centroid size analysis, and tensor analysis) were applied to a maxillary triangle (T-FMN-A) and to a mandibular triangle (Co-Go-Pg). A group of 30 children with treated Class III malocclusions were compared with a matched group of 30 children with untreated Class III malocclusions. Treatment with the functional appliance produced a significantly increased growth of the maxilla, featuring a more downward and forward displacement of the region of point A and a significantly more upward and forward direction of condylar growth, leading to a “shrinkage” of total mandibular length. The biologic significance of some conventional cephalometric measurements used for the assessment of both maxillary and mandibular position and structure was tested.(Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 1997;112:622-33.)     

Understanding Dental Service Use by Older Adults: Sociobehavioral Factors vs Need

Objectives: This study investigated correlates of dental care use in a representative sample of adults aged 70 and older throughout New England. Methods : Data were collected in in-home interviews and dental examinations. Following Andersen's behavioral model of health services utilization, varied measures of sociodemographic characteristics, dental health attitudes and practices, perceived need for care, and need objectively determined by clinical examination were included as potential correlates. Results : Recency of last visit was associated with positive attitudes toward dental care, regular dental hygiene, and having a usual source of care. Among dentulous subjects, recency of last visit also was related to sex and living arrangements. Frequency of visits for dentulous subjects was associated with the same variables, as well as with age and social class or education, in addition to need for care. For edentulous subjects, only a usual sourse of care and higher social class were associated with more frequent visits. Conclusions : Perceived need and attitudes toward dental care are important influences on use of care. Older persons must be convinced of the importance of regular dental care.     

Anticipating the Future and Change

As in all of medicine, there are basic assumptions underlying the present system of dental education and delivery. These basic assumptions are facing challenges due in part to the marked reduction in the incidence of caries and the development of more effective therapies. This current period of time is described as an era of true change, rather than the mere modification of existing technology. Changes are going to occur in a number of areas. The move will be from government to private, from small to large, from generalist to specialist. Since change is inevitable, one can learn about and prepare for the stress of change, the changes happening now, and how to adapt to change. Although many changes are beyond the individual's control, their occurrence may be beneficial.     

Preventive Control of AIDS by the Dental Profession: A Survey of Practices in a Large Urban Area

The purpose of this study was threefold: (1) to report the proportion of dental practitioners adhering to the 1987 Centers for Disease Control (CDC) procedures for using infection control techniques (ICTs); (2) to identify attitudes toward infection control and disease; and (3) to establish whether certain practitioner characteristics or use of certain ICTs were related to willingness to treat HIV-positive patients, willingness to volunteer for an HIV specialty clinic outside of regular practice, vaccination against hepatitis B, and a felt need for a specialty clinic within the practice to treat HIV patients effectively. A survey of approximately 3,800 members of a major metropolitan dental society found that 89 percent of respondents regularly used at least one CDC ICT beyond routine medical histories. Ninety-one percent indicated a moderate to extreme change in attitude toward the risks of infectious diseases and the regular use of ICTs (80.2% identified AIDS as the major factor in this change). Twenty-seven percent indicated that they would knowingly treat HIV-positive patients. No differences were found among practitioners willing to treat HIV-infected patients and those unwilling to treat these patients in terms of adherence to the CDC ICT recommendations for dentists. Statistical association between ICT use and other practitioner response variables are discussed.