Isoxazolidine derivatives as corrosion inhibitors for low carbon steel in HCl solution: experimental,theoretical and effect of KI studies

Two isoxazolidine derivatives namely 5-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-ylmethyl)-2-tetradecyl isoxazolidine (BDMTI) and 5-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl)-2-tetradecyl isoxazolidine (HMBTI) were synthesized and characterized using FTIR, C-NMR, H-NMR, and elemental analysis. The synthesized compounds were evaluated as corrosion inhibitors for API 5L X60 steel in 1 M HCl in the temperature range of 25–60 °C using gravimetric and electrochemical (Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), Potentiodynamic Polarization (PDP) and Linear Polarization Resistance (LPR)) techniques. The effect of addition of a small amount of iodide ions on the corrosion inhibition performance of the compounds was also assessed. In addition, quantum chemical calculations and Monte Carlo simulations were employed to correlate the electronic properties of the compounds with the corrosion inhibition effect as well as to evaluate the adsorption/binding of the inhibitor molecules on the steel surface. Experimental results show that the two compounds inhibited the corrosion of carbon steel in an acid environment with HMBTI showing superior performance. The corrosion inhibition effect was found to be dependent on the inhibitors'' concentration and temperature. Addition of iodide ions improves the inhibition efficiency considerably due to co-adsorption of the iodide ions and the inhibitors on the steel surface which was competitive in nature as confirmed from the synergistic parameter (S₁) which was less than unity at higher temperature. Experimental and theoretical results are in good agreement.

Two isoxazolidine derivatives (BDMTI and HMBTI) were synthesized and characterized using FTIR, C-NMR, H-NMR and elemental analysis and evaluated as corrosion inhibitors for X60 steel in 1 M HCl solution.     

Efficient synthesis of ether phosphonates using trichloroacetimidate and acetate coupling methods

A series of ether phosphonates have been prepared by trichloroacetimidate and acetate coupling methods. Trichloroacetimidates or acetates were treated with primary and secondary alcohols as O-nucleophiles in the presence of catalytic TMSOTf to afford 21 examples of diethyl alkyloxy(substitutedphenyl)methyl phosphonates via C–O bond formation in 55–90% yields and short reaction time.

An efficient method for the synthesis of various ether phosphonates by trichloroacetimidate and acetate coupling methods is described.     

Facile complexation reactions for the selective spectrofluorimetric determination of albendazole in oral dosage forms and spiked human plasma

Two simple, sensitive, and rapid spectrofluorimetric methods were developed and validated for the determination of albendazole. The first method (method I) was based on the quenching effect of albendazole on the native fluorescence of erythrosine B. The fluorescence intensity was measured at 554 nm after extraction at 527 nm. In the second method (method II) the drug was reacted with lanthanum(iii) ions to form a metal complex, which was measured at 340 nm after excitation at 295 nm. The suitable pH was 3.4 (Teorell–Stenhagen buffer) and pH 5.5 (phosphate buffer solution), for method I and II, respectively. The influence of experimental factors on the fluorescence intensity of the reaction products was investigated and optimized. The linear concentration ranges were 0.2–3.5 and 0.06–0.90 μg mL⁻¹, with detection limits of 0.049 and 0.019 μg mL⁻¹ for method I and II, respectively. ICH guidelines were followed for validation of the developed procedures, and the results were acceptable. The Gibb''s free energy change of the reactions was −24.6 and −27.5 kJ mol⁻¹ for method I and II, respectively. These negative values indicated the high feasibility of these reactions at ambient temperature. The proposed procedures were applied successfully for the determination of albendazole in commercial dosage forms and spiked human plasma. The results showed high precision, accuracy and recovery of the reported methods without any significant interference from pharmaceutical excipients or plasma components.

Complexation of albendazole with erythrosine B quench the native fluorescence of the dye while complexation of the drug with lanthanum (iii) ions enhance the fluorescence of the drug.     

Intramolecular radical cyclization approach to access highly substituted indolines and 2,3-dihydrobenzofurans under visible-light

The combination of visible-light and tris(trimethylsilyl)silane promoting intramolecular reductive cyclization protocol for the synthesis of functionalized indolines and 2,3-dihydrobenzofurans has been developed. The transformations occur in the absence of transition metal and additional photocatalyst. In addition, quantum yield (Φ) was determined and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy was performed to better understand the reaction pathway.

The combination of visible-light and tris(trimethylsilyl)silane promoting intramolecular reductive cyclization protocol for the synthesis of functionalized indolines and 2,3-dihydrobenzofurans has been developed.     

Accelerated Return to Sport After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction and Early Knee Osteoarthritis Features at 1 Year: An Exploratory Study

Background

A timely return to competitive sport is a primary goal of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). It is not known whether an accelerated return to sport increases the risk of early-onset knee osteoarthritis (KOA).

Prenatal diagnosis of mediastinal neurenteric cyst: a case report and review of the literature

Neurenteric cyst is a very rare developmental anomaly. Prenatal diagnosis of mediastinal neurenteric cysts has been reported rarely. We present a case of neurenteric cyst associated with vertebral anomalies diagnosed by prenatal ultrasonography at 31 weeks of gestation, which was treated successfully in the early neonatal period. In addition, we searched the English literature for all cases of mediastinal neurenteric cyst diagnosed in the prenatal period reported to date. We found that only 17 cases were reported previously. We reviewed the reports of these 17 patients along with our case, and we investigated the prenatal and postnatal diagnosis and treatment approaches and the factors influencing the prognosis. Fetuses with mediastinal neurenteric cysts should be monitored regularly by ultrasonography. Fetuses with no signs of hydrops are more likely to survive with proper neonatal center transfer, regular follow-up, and appropriate postnatal approach. Fetuses with hydrops findings have a high risk of fetal and neonatal death.     

Readiness to change for interprofessional collaboration in healthcare: Development and validation of a theory-based instrument

This paper presents a study that aimed to develop and validate a theory-based instrument for the assessment of readiness to change for interprofessional collaboration in healthcare (IPC-TTM). The instrument was developed in the Persian language and tested in the Iranian context. Healthcare professionals from medical and nursing professions participated in the assessment of validity and reliability of the instrument. We conducted this psychometric study in two phases: First, the questionnaire was developed based on the transtheoretical model (TTM) through literature review and expert panel. Then, in the validation phase, we held three modified Delphi rounds to assess the content and face validity of the questionnaire. We used confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to evaluate the fit of the questionnaire as applied to modified TTM. Reliability of the final instrument was tested by assessing the test-retest reliability of instrument items with Kappa coefficient. We also calculated the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Cronbach’s alpha to assess the test-retest reliability and internal consistency of the instrument sub-scales. The initial item pool consisted of 30 items and three sub-scales (Attitude, Intention, and Action). The content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed with 17 items. Based on the CFA results two additional items were deleted to increase the fit of the model. The final instrument was confirmed with 15 items and three sub-scales. Reliability assessment on the 15-item instrument showed an acceptable test-retest reliability of the instrument items. ICC values for the Attitude, Intention, and Action sub-scales of the instrument were calculated as 0.82, 0.73, and 0.71, respectively. Moreover, Cronbach’s alpha for the Attitude, Intention, and Action sub-scales were 0.85, 0.73, and 0.77, respectively. This study offers a new theory-based instrument to measure readiness to change for interprofessional collaboration in healthcare in the Iranian context. The questionnaire can be used for ‘needs assessment’ in developing tailored educational interventions and self-assessments in interprofessional education studies.     

What is the effect and mechanism of kinesiology tape on muscle activity?

Objective

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of kinesiology tape, anesthesia, and kinesiology tape along with anesthesia, on motor neuron excitability.