碳酸氢钠预防造影剂肾病——一项随机对照研究

背景：造影剂肾病仍是放射影像学检查的一种常见并发症。在动物急性缺血性肾衰竭模型中，预先使用碳酸氢钠比氯化钠的肾脏保护作用更佳。缺血和造影剂引发的急性肾衰竭均被认为是自由基损伤所致。但是，在人或动物至今尚无评价碳酸氢钠预防造影剂肾病有效性的研究。 目的：在使用放射性造影剂前后用碳酸氢钠或氯化钠进行预防性水化，比较二者的有效性。 设计、地点和病人：一项于2002年9月16日至2003年6月17日进行的前瞻性、单中心、随机试验。119例血清肌酐稳定在≥1．1mg／dL（t≥97．2μmol／L）水平的病人，在应用碘帕醇（370mg碘／mL）造影前后，随机接受了氯化钠静脉滴注（n=59）或碳酸氢钠静脉滴注（n=60），剂量均为154mEq／L。在造影前及造影后第1、2天进行了血清肌酐检测。 干预：病人接受154mEq／L的氯化钠或碳酸氢钠，造影前以每小时3mL／kg的速度静脉滴注1小时，造影后以每小时1mL／kg的速度滴注上述药物6小时。 主要观察指标：造影剂肾病，其定义为在造影后2天内血清肌酐升高tμ25％。 结果：两组病人在年龄、性别、糖尿病发生、种族以及造影剂用量方面无显著差异。碳酸氢钠治疗组病人基线血清肌酐水平稍高于氯化钠治疗组，但亦无显著差异（氯化钠组均值[sD]为1．71[0．42]mg／dL[151．2{37．1}μmol／L]，碳酸氢钠组为1．89[0．69]mg／dL[167．1{61．0}μmol／L]；P=0．09）。氯化钠组8例（13．6％），发生造影剂肾病一级终点，而碳酸氢钠组仅1例（1．7％）（均值差别，11．9％；95％可信区间[CI]，2．6％～21．2％；P=0．02）。随后，又对191例符合研究纳入标准的病人给予了碳酸氢钠治疗并进行随访登记，结果有3例出现了造影剂肾病（1．6％；95％CI，0％～3．4％）。 结论：对于造影剂引发的肾衰竭，在造影前采用碳酸氢钠进行水化治疗比采用氯化钠水化治疗更为有效。     

甲型H1N1流感确诊病例出院标准(试行)

甲型H1N1流感确诊病例同时满足下列条件时,可以出院: 1.体温正常,流感样症状消失≥3 d,无并发症,临床情况稳定;     

Apopotic gene Bax expression in carotid plaque

The expression of BAX in carotid atherosclcrosis and its regulation is far from defined. Objectives To investigate BAX expression in stable/fibrous and instable/vulnerable carotid plaque and its clinical significance. Methods 25 cases of carotid plaque specimens obtained from endarterectomy were divided into two groups, stable/fibrous 14 cases, vulnerable/instable 11 cases; aortic artery and its branches from hepatic transplantation donors 6 case as control. The expression of proapoptotic BAX was detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC), in situ hybridization(ISH) and in situ TdT dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL). Results 5 eases of BAX ( ) were detected by ICH and ISH, 4 case of TUNEL ( ) were detected by TUNEL in stable/fibrous carotid plaque, while 10 cases were BAX ( )by IHC(P<0.05) , 11 case by ISH and 9 case by TUNEL were detected in instable/vulnerable carotid plaque (P<0.01), respectively. The intensity of BAX ( ) cells by IHC and ISH was 8.63±2.62 and 10.32±3.12 in fibrous plaques, whereas 122±21.64 and 152±23.35 in vulnerable plaques, respectively. No expression of BAX was found in controlled group. Conclusion The higher expression of Bax in vulnerable carotid plaque may be one mechanisms in molecular pathogenesis of carotid atherosclerosis which affect plaque stability and be the cause of higher incidence of stroke than fibrous carotid plaques, the regulation of BAX expression in different stage of atherosclerosis may provide targets in gene therapy for carotid atherosclerosis.     

丽珠肠乐、参苓止泻汤合治婴幼儿腹泻

目的：探讨丽珠肠乐、参苓止泻汤治疗婴幼儿迁延性或慢性腹泻的疗效。方法：将62例患儿随机分为两组，均补液、维持水电解质及酸碱平衡。治疗组用丽珠肠乐、参苓止泻汤，对照组用蒙脱石。7d为1个疗程，观察两组疗效。结果：治疗组的显效率、有效率、总有效率明显优于对照组（P〈0．01）。结论：丽珠肠乐、参苓止泻汤合治婴幼儿迁延性或慢性腹泻疗效满意。     

Oxygen Reverses Deficits of Cognitive Function and Memory and Increased Heart Rate Induced by Acute Severe Isovolemic Anemia

Background: Erythrocytes are transfused to improve oxygen delivery and prevent or treat inadequate oxygenation of tissues. Acute isovolemic anemia subtly slows human data processing and degrades memory, increases heart rate, and decreases self-assessed energy level. Erythrocyte transfusion is efficacious in reversing these effects of acute anemia. We tested the hypothesis that increasing arterial oxygen pressure (Pao2) to 350 mmHg or greater would supply sufficient oxygen to be equivalent to augmenting hemoglobin concentration by 2-3 g/dl and thus reverse the effects of acute anemia.

Methods: Thirty-one healthy volunteers, aged 28 +/- 4 yr (mean +/- SD), were tested with verbal memory and standard, computerized neuropsychologic tests before and twice after acute isovolemic reduction of their hemoglobin concentration to 5.7 +/- 0.3 g/dl. Two sets of tests were performed in randomized order at the lower hemoglobin concentration: with the volunteer breathing room air or oxygen. The subject and those administering the tests and recording the results were unaware which gas was administered. As an additional control for duration of the experiment, 10 of these volunteers also completed the same tests on a separate day, without alteration of hemoglobin concentration, at times of the day similar to those on the experimental day. Heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure, and self-assessed sense of energy were recorded at the time of each test.

Results: Reaction time for digit-symbol substitution test increased, delayed memory was degraded, mean arterial pressure and energy level decreased, and heart rate increased at a hemoglobin concentration of 5.7 g/dl (all P < 0.05). Increasing Pao2 to 406 +/- 47 mmHg reversed the digit-symbol substitution test result and the delayed memory changes to values not different from those at the baseline hemoglobin concentration of 12.7 +/- 1.0 g/dl, and decreased heart rate (P < 0.05). However, mean arterial pressure and energy level changes were not altered with increased Pao2 during acute anemia.     

缬沙坦治疗顽固性心力衰竭的疗效观察

顽固性心力衰竭（心衰）是临床上的难题，是指经过各种治疗措施均无明显改善的心衰。我们应用缬沙坦治疗19例顽固性心衰患，取得了预期的效果，报道如下。[第一段]     

医学微生物实验课的设计与管理

为了培养医学生解决实际问题的能力，训练学生树立创新的意识和严谨的科学作风以及团结协作的精神品德，本文提出了几条关于医学微生物实验课的设计原则，并且提出了几条医学微生物实验室的管理建议，以防止实验室微生物感染事件的发生。     

经皮冠状动脉腔内支架置入术治疗冠心病

目的:评估冠状动脉内支架置入术的效果。方法:回顾性分析1996年2月～2000年2月我院接受冠状动脉内支架置入术的120例病人的治疗效果。结果:在183处病变共置入支架125只。在未经介入性治疗的病变置入支架(De novo stenting)101只,PTCA结果不理想(suboptimal)置入支架19只,2例PTCA并发夹层,濒临闭塞时紧急置入支架(Bail-out stenting)2只,在再狭窄病变置入支架3只。置入支架平均直径3.00±0.69mm,平均长度18.15±10.26mm。手术即刻成功率98.4％,主要并发症率为1.6％((2例AMI)。结论:冠脉内支架置入术是治疗冠心病的一种安全有效的介入性治疗技术,其成功率高,并发症少。     

Dual Exposure to Sevoflurane Improves Anesthetic Preconditioning in Intact Hearts

Background: Anesthetic preconditioning (APC) with sevoflurane reduces myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. The authors tested whether two brief exposures to sevoflurane would lead to a better preconditioning state than would a single longer exposure and whether dual exposure to a lower (L) concentration of sevoflurane would achieve an outcome similar to that associated with a single exposure to a higher (H) concentration.

Methods: Langendorff-prepared guinea pig hearts were exposed to 0.4 mm sevoflurane once for 15 min (H1-15; n = 8) or 0.4 mm (H2-5; n = 8) or 0.2 mm sevoflurane (L2-5; n = 8) twice for 5 min, with a 5-min washout period interspersed. Sevoflurane was then washed out for 20 min before 30 min of global no-flow ischemia and 120 min of reperfusion. Control hearts (n = 8) were not subjected to APC. Left ventricular pressure was measured isovolumetrically. Ventricular infarct size was determined by tetrazolium staining and cumulative planimetry. Values are expressed as mean +/- SD.

Results: The authors found a better functional return and a lesser percentage of infarction on reperfusion in H2-5 (28 +/- 9%) than in H1-15 (36 +/- 8%; P < 0.05), L2-5 (43 +/- 6%; P < 0.05), or control hearts (52 +/- 7%; P < 0.05).