老年急症的抢救

老年急症是指老年人突然发出的疾病和意外损伤,也包括一些慢性病的骤然转剧。某些急症来势凶猛,变化迅速,在短时间内即可致命,应及早采取措施,延缓或中止病程进展,并争取早期诊断,早期治疗。下面介绍老年人的几种常见急病及抢救措施。一、晕厥这是一种突然发生的短暂的意识丧失状态,是由于一时性广泛性的脑供血不足,导致大脑代谢障碍,使大脑皮层处     

雄性大白鼠球海绵体肌和坐骨海绵体肌的运动神经元—HRP法研究

本实验用HRP注射于大白鼠的一侧球海绵体肌和坐骨海绵体肌后,在脊髓腰骶段的不同平面可观察到支配该两肌的运动神经元胞体出现标记并具有一定的局部定位关系。支配球海绵体肌的运动神经元主要位于L_5～S_1的背内侧群,而支配坐骨海绵体肌的运动神经元主要位于背外侧群和腹侧群。本文认为大白鼠腰骶段前角背内侧群和背外侧群同腹外侧群细胞一样,同属于Onuf's核的同源神经细胞。本文还观察了大白鼠腰骶段脊髓前柱细胞的配布。     

长骨多发性骨化性纤维瘤一例报告

长骨多发性骨化性纤维瘤一例报告张华俦黄建发黄公怡患者男，５７岁。因外伤摄右髋部及右小腿正侧位片偶然发现右股骨颈及右胫骨中下段骨结构异常，于１９９５年６月１４日收治入院。查体示右髋部及右小腿无红肿，无静脉怒张，触之局部皮温不高，局部有轻压痛，右髋关节及...     

硬膜下间隙阻滞9例临床报告

本文报告硬膜下间隙阻滞9例的初步体会如下。男性3例,女性6例,年龄24～78岁,腹部手术7例,下肢手术2例。硬膜外穿刺证实穿刺针已进入硬膜外腔后,以硬膜外导管测量穿刺针从皮肤至黄韧带内面的距离,然后接水柱管,将穿刺针缓慢向前推进至硬膜,再用硬膜外导管测量硬膜外腔的宽度,一般在T_9～T_(12)为3～5mm,在L_1～L_3为5～6mm。接着刺破硬膜进入硬膜下间隙,其标志是再次出现负压,硬膜的厚度在T_9～T_(12)为1mm,在L_1～L_3为0.66～0.33mm。水柱管内的水柱波动随病人呼吸明显增强,此时轻轻回吸,确     

米力农治疗顽固性心力衰竭40例临床观察

应用米力农治疗顽固性心力衰竭40例。其中心功能Ⅳ级14例,显效4例(10％),有效10例(25％),心功能Ⅲ级26例,有效26例(65％),总有效率100％。结果提示,米力农是一种有效的新型抗心力衰竭药物。     

Colonization of America by Drosophila subobscura: Experiment in natural populations that supports the adaptive role of chromosomal-inversion polymorphism

North America and South America have recently been colonized by the Palearctic species Drosophila subobscura. This double colonization offers a rare opportunity for evolutionary studies. Correlations between chromosomal arrangement frequencies and latitude were calculated for the colonizing populations. Signs of these correlations are highly coincident with those found in the Old World. These results provide experimental support for the adaptive value of the chromosomal-inversion polymorphism; historical and other nonadaptive explanations are thus excluded or relegated to a secondary role.     

In Uruguay, an ethic of care for the dying

The ethics of care for the terminally ill in Uruguay spring from deeply rooted attitudes which invest the physician with sole power to determine the course of treatment, even to prescribe painkilling drugs and to hasten death actively or passively, without collaboration from the patient's family. The paternal function attributed to the physician has not been questioned by any systematic reflection on biomedical ethics. However, conscientious physicians are interested in these issues and are well informed about the concerns of their foreign colleagues.     

Monitoring gamma-aminobutyric acid in human brain and plasma microdialysates using micellar electrokinetic chromatography and laser-induced fluorescence detection

Due to its low electrophoretic mobility, few studies have been able to measure gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) in biological samples by means of capillary zone electrophoresis. Nevertheless, in micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) by adding a surfactant to the mobile phase separation can be carried out on the basis of the partition coefficient of the molecules rather than their electrophoretic mobility. In the present study microdialysis coupled to MEKC with laser induced fluorescence detection was used to successfully monitor GABA from cerebrospinal fluid and plasma dialysates. Moreover, we monitored changes in extracellular GABA from a human brain. Microdialysis samples were collected from a Parkinson's disease patient undergoing a thallamotomy as part of her treatment. Significant decreases in extracellular GABA were detected during high frequency electrical stimulation and following a thermolesion of the thalamus. These results demonstrate the feasibility of MEKC coupled to laser-induced fluorescence detection in resolving neutral amino acids, specifically GABA, from different human body fluids.     

Inflammatory responses in blood samples of human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with pulmonary infections

We analyzed the characteristics of the inflammatory response occurring in blood during pulmonary infections in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. A prospective study of consecutive hospital admissions of HIV-infected patients with new-onset radiologic pulmonary infiltrates was carried out in a tertiary university hospital from April 1998 to May 2001. Plasma cyclic AMP receptor protein (CRP), interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta), IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) levels were determined at the time of admission and 4, 5, and 6 days later. Patients were included in a protocol addressed to study etiology and outcome of disease. A total of 249 episodes of infection were included, with the main diagnoses being bacterial pneumonia (BP) (118 episodes), Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) (41 episodes), and mycobacteriosis (36 episodes). For these three patient groups, at the time of admission the median CRP and cytokine levels were as follows: CRP, 10.2, 3.8 and 5 mg/dl, respectively (P = 0.0001); IL-8, 19, 3, and 2.9 pg/ml (P = 0.045); and TNF-alpha, 46.4, 44, and 75 pg/ml, respectively (P = 0.029). There were no significant differences in levels of IL-1beta, IL-6, or IL-10 among the patient groups. A total of 23 patients died. At the time of admission, HIV-infected patients with BP had higher plasma CRP and IL-8 levels than did PCP and mycobacteriosis patients. TNF-alpha levels were higher in patients with mycobacteriosis. An elevated IL-8 level (>61 pg/ml) at the time of admission was an independent factor associated with higher mortality (odds ratio, 12; 95% confidence interval, 1.2 to 235.5).     

Analysis of genetic heterogeneity of hepatitis C viruses in Central America reveals a novel genetic lineage

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) has high genomic variability and at least six different types have been reported. The genotypes distribution is currently unknown among HCV strains circulating in Central America. In order to study the degree of genetic variability of strains isolated in Costa Rica, sequence data obtained from the 5' non coding region from 7 patients from Costa Rica were compared with published sequences from 57 strains of all types. The phylogenetic analysis revealed the existence of type 1 strains of a novel genetic lineage, recently described for some South American countries, and indicates an increasing diversification of HCV.