Dostęp skalisty tylny – analiza techniki operacyjnej na podstawie symulacji na zwłokach

The aim of the study was to present consecutive stages of the posterior petrosal approach (PPA).Eighteen simulations of PPA were performed on non-fixed human cadavers without any known pathologies in the head and neck. The consecutive stages of the procedure were documented with photographs and schemes.The starting point for PPA is a temporal craniotomy, suboccipital craniectomy and mastoidectomy with keeping the bony labyrinth intact. Approach to the middle part of the clivus is achieved by raise of the temporal lobe and section of the superior petrosal sinus and tentorium and by mobilization the sigmoid sinus.Posterior petrosal approach is a reproducible technique, which provides surgical penetration of the middle clivus and related regions. It reduces the operating distance and allows to limit the cerebellum and temporal lobe traction and to preserve the anatomic integrity of the brain stem and cranial nerves of the cerebellopontine angle.     

Integrating trauma,self-disturbances,cognitive biases,and personality into a model for the risk of psychosis: a longitudinal study in a non-clinical sample

European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience - The hypothesis of the psychosis continuum enables to study the mechanisms of psychosis risk not only in clinical samples but in...     

Impact of dietary fat on gut microbiota and low-grade systemic inflammation: mechanisms and clinical implications on obesity

Dietary fat strongly affects human health by modulating gut microbiota composition and low-grade systemic inflammation. High-fat diets have been implicated in reduced gut microbiota richness, increased Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio, and several changes at family, genus and species levels. Saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA), polyunsaturated (PUFA) and conjugated linolenic fatty acids share important pathways of immune system activation/inhibition with gut microbes, modulating obesogenic and proinflammatory profiles. Mechanisms that link dietary fat, gut microbiota and obesity are mediated by increased intestinal permeability, systemic endotoxemia, and the activity of the endocannabinoid system. Although the probiotic therapy could be a complementary strategy to improve gut microbiota composition, it did not show permanent effects to treat fat-induced dysbiosis. Based upon evidence to date, we believe that high-fat diets and SFA consumption should be avoided, and MUFA and omega-3 PUFA intake should be encouraged in order to regulate gut microbiota and inflammation, promoting body weight/fat control.     

Recent advances in bacteriophage-based methods for bacteria detection

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Synthesis and structure evaluation of new complex butylarylpiperazin-1-yl derivatives

A series of arylpiperazine derivatives of 1,16-diphenyl-19-azahexacyclo-[14.5.1.0^2,15.0^3,8.0^9,14.0^17,21]docosa-2,3,5,7,8,9,11,13,14-nonaene-18,20,22-trione and 4,10-diphenyl-1H,2H,3H,5H-indeno[1,2-f]isoindole-1,3,5-trione was synthesized. The pharmacological profile of compound 4 at the 5-HT_1A receptor was measured by binding assay. The title compounds were tested in cell-based assay against the human immunodeficiency virus type-1. The X-ray crystallographic studies of derivatives 2, 6, 7, 11, 19, and 20 were presented.     

The influence of ezetimibe on classical and alternative activation pathways of monocytes/macrophages isolated from patients with hypercholesterolemia

Macrophages are crucial for the development of atherosclerotic plaques. Classically activated macrophages contribute to plaque growth and destabilization, while alternatively activated macrophages increase plaque stability. Here, we assessed the influence of ezetimibe on the activation of monocyte-derived macrophages isolated from patients with hypercholesterolemia (total cholesterol 263.4?±?12.5 mg/dl, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol 179.7?±?11.3 mg/dl, triglycerides 123.9?±?11.4 mg/dl). Cells were stimulated with 1 μg/ml lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or 1 μg/ml LPS plus 22 ng/ml ezetimibe. Control cells were left unstimulated. The expression of classical activation markers (interleukin-1β (IL-1β), nitric oxide (NO), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)) and alternative activation markers (mannose receptor (MR) and arginase-1 (Arg1)) was determined after 48 h. The employed analytical methods included enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Griess reaction, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and Western blotting. LPS increased the secretion of IL-1β and NO and the expression of iNOS mRNA, iNOS protein, and Arg1 protein. It did not affect the expression of MR or Arg1 mRNA. In comparison to LPS stimulation, co-stimulation with ezetimibe decreased the secretion of IL-1β and the expression of iNOS mRNA and protein, while it increased MR mRNA and protein expression. Co-stimulation with ezetimibe did not change the secretion of NO or the expression of Arg1. The results suggest that ezetimibe in inflammatory in vitro conditions contributes to the suppression of classical and promotion of the alternative macrophage activation.     

Thermophysical Properties of Temperature-Sensitive Paint

The complex thermophysical property of temperature-sensitive paint (TSP) research is discussed. TSP is used for visualization of the surface temperature distribution in wind tunnel aerodynamic tests. The purpose of this research was to provide reliable, experimental, thermophysical data of the paint applied as a coating. As TSP is applied as thin surface layers, investigation of its final properties is challenging and demands the application of non-standard procedures. At present, most measurements were performed on composite specimens of TSP deposed onto a thin metallic film substrate or on TSP combined with a cellulose sheet support. The studies involved gravimetric,, thermogravimetric, and microcalorimetric analyses, transversal thermal diffusivity estimation from laser flash data and in-plane effective thermal diffusivity measurements done by the temperature oscillation technique. These results were complemented with scanning electron microcopy analysis, surface characterization and the results of dilatometric measurements performed on the TSP bulk specimens obtained from liquid substrate by casting. Complex analysis of the obtained results indicated an isotropic characteristic of the thermal diffusivity of the TSP layer and provided reliable data on all measured thermophysical parameters—they were revealed to be typical for insulators. Further to presenting these data, the paper, in brief, presents the applied investigation procedures.     

Foundation Piles—A New Feature for Concrete 3D Printers

Foundation piles that are made by concrete 3D printers constitute a new alternative way of founding buildings constructed using incremental technology. We are currently observing very rapid development of incremental technology for the construction industry. The systems that are used for 3D printing with the application of construction materials make it possible to form permanent formwork for strip foundations, construct load-bearing walls and partition walls, and prefabricate elements, such as stairs, lintels, and ceilings. 3D printing systems do not offer soil reinforcement by making piles. The paper presents the possibility of making concrete foundation piles in laboratory conditions using a concrete 3D printer. The paper shows the tools and procedure for pile pumping. An experiment for measuring pile bearing capacity is described and an example of a pile deployment model under a foundation is described. The results of the tests and analytical calculations have shown that the displacement piles demonstrate less settlement when compared to the analysed shallow foundation. The authors indicate that it is possible to replace the shallow foundation with a series of piles combined with a printed wall without locally widening it. This type of foundation can be used for the foundation of low-rise buildings, such as detached houses. Estimated calculations have shown that the possibility of making foundation piles by a 3D printer will reduce the cost of making foundations by shortening the time of execution of works and reducing the consumption of construction materials.     

The Effects of Low Doses of Two Fusarium Toxins,Zearalenone and Deoxynivalenol,on the Pig Jejunum. A Light and Electron Microscopic Study

Immature gilts were administered per os with zearalenone (ZEN) at 40 μg/kg BW (group Z, n = 9), deoxynivalenol (DON) at 12 μg/kg BW (group D, n = 9), a mixture of ZEN and DON (group M, n = 9) or a placebo (group C, n = 9) over a period of six weeks. The pigs were sacrificed after one, three, or six weeks of the treatment (12 pigs per each time-point). Histological investigations revealed an increase in the mucosal thickness and the crypt depth as well as a decrease in the ratio of the villus height to the crypt depth in groups D and M after six weeks of exposure to the mycotoxins. The number of goblet cells in the villus epithelium was elevated in groups Z and M after one week and in group D after three weeks. The administration of ZEN increased the lymphocyte number in the villus epithelium after 1 week and the plasma cell quantity in the lamina propria after one, three, and six weeks of the experiment. DON treatment resulted in an increase in the lymphocyte number in the villus epithelium and the lamina propria after six weeks, and in the plasma cell quantity in the lamina propria after one, three, and six weeks of exposure. In group M, lymphocyte counts in the epithelium and the lamina propria increased significantly after six weeks. Neither mycotoxin induced significant adverse changes in the ultrastructure of the mucosal epithelium and the lamina propria or in the intestinal barrier permeability. Our results indicate that immune cells are the principal target of low doses of ZEN and DON.