异位甲状腺癌的诊断和治疗

目的　探讨异位甲状腺癌的发病特点、诊断和治疗方法。方法　对 2 9例异位甲状腺癌的临床及病理资料进行回顾性分析。结果　 2 9例均行手术治疗 ,术后辅以放、化疗。术后随访 ,5年存活率为 5 2 .0 % ,最长 1例已存活 2 4年。结论　早期发现并及时手术治疗是提高异位甲状腺癌患者生存率的关键 ,术后给予辅助性放、化疗有助于提高生存率。     

Does hip strength analysis explain the lower incidence of hip fracture in the People's Republic of China?

To explore whether there are ethnic differences in calculated hip strength that might explain the low incidence of hip fracture in China, we used Lunar DPX 'beta' version of hip strength analysis (HAS) and hip axis length (HAL) programs to compare hip geometry, calculated strength and densitometric values from Chinese subjects in Shenyang to those of Caucasian subjects in Oslo and Leuven participating in the European Prospective Osteoporosis Study (EPOS). Subjects were 210 Chinese and 403 Caucasian men and women aged 53-77 years. Parameters investigated included bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content (BMC), bone area (BA), cross-sectional moment of inertia (CSMI) and section modulus (both indicating strength and rigidity of the femoral neck), HAL, neck length (NL), neck diameter, tensile stress (Tstress) and compressive stress (Cstress) (indicating the stress in the femoral neck at its weakest cross section arising from walking or a standard fall, respectively), safety factor (SF, indicating the resistance to fracture for forces generated during walking) and fall index (FI, indicating the resistance to fracture from force generated during a fall in the greater trochanter). The Chinese men and women were significantly shorter and lighter than their Caucasian counterparts (P<0.01) and had significantly lower BMD, BMC and BA of the femoral neck (P<0.01). After adjusting for BA, weight and height, there was no significant ethnic difference in either gender in BMC. CSMI and section modulus were significantly lower, and HAL, NL and neck diameter were significantly shorter in the Chinese men and women (P<0.01). These differences all remained after adjusting for weight and height. There were no significant differences in Tstress, Cstress, SF and FI between ethnic groups in either gender. Most of the parameters of calculated hip strength in the Chinese subjects were similar to or poorer than those in the Caucasian subjects. There was no evidence to indicate that Shenyang Chinese have superior BMD or BMC or better calculated hip strength. The short HAL and NL of the population, however, could be an independent factor contributing to the low incidence of hip fracture.     

Treatment with raloxifene for 2 years increases vertebral bone mineral density as measured by volumetric quantitative computed tomography

Volumetric quantitative computed tomography (vQCT), using multiple thin-slice acquisition, measures three-dimensional volumetric bone mineral density (BMD, mg/cm3). vQCT is often used to measure BMD of lumbar vertebrae and may detect early changes in trabecular, cortical, or integral BMD that extend beyond the technical limits of areal dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) BMD measurements. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of 2 years of raloxifene (RLX) treatment on several volumetric BMD measures in a subset of postmenopausal women (n=58) enrolled in the Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation (MORE) trial. Patients in this study were randomized to one of three treatment groups: placebo (n=21), RLX 60 mg/day (n=17), or RLX 120 mg/day (n=20), and all patients received daily calcium (500 mg) and vitamin D (400-600 IU) supplementation. Data from the raloxifene treatment groups were pooled for each analysis. Following 2 years of raloxifene treatment, there was a significant percent change from baseline in the vQCT regions of interest (ROIs) of midintegral BMD, total trabecular BMD, and total integral BMD (P<0.05) compared to placebo, while there was no significant change in the spinal DXA BMD measurement. These data provide the first longitudinal assessment by vQCT of changes in vertebral bone density after 2 years of treatment with raloxifene. vQCT appears to be a valuable technique for measuring the effects of raloxifene treatment in this population of postmenopausal women with osteoporosis.     

The effect of treatment strategy on stone comminution efficiency in shock wave lithotripsy

PURPOSE: The comminution of kidney stones in shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) is a dose dependent process caused primarily by the combination of 2 fundamental mechanisms, namely stress waves and cavitation. The effect of treatment strategy with emphasis on enhancing the effect of stress waves or cavitation on stone comminution in SWL was investigated. Because vascular injury in SWL is also dose dependent, optimization of the treatment strategy may produce improved stone comminution with decreased tissue injury in SWL. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using an in vitro experiment system that mimics stone fragmentation in the renal pelvis spherical BegoStone (Bego USA, Smithfield, Rhode Island) phantoms (diameter 10 mm) were exposed to 1,500 shocks at a pulse repetition rate of 1 Hz in an unmodified HM-3 lithotripter (Dornier Medical Systems, Kennesaw, Georgia). The 3 treatment strategies used were increasing output voltage from 18 to 20 and then to 22 kV every 500 shocks with emphasis on enhancing the effect of cavitation on medium fragments (2 to 4 mm) at the final treatment stage, decreasing output voltage from 22 to 20 and then to 18 kV every 500 shocks with emphasis on enhancing the effect of stress waves on large fragments (greater than 4 mm) at the initial treatment stage and maintaining a constant output voltage at 20 kV, as typically used in SWL procedures. Following shock wave exposure the size distribution of fragments was determined by the sequential sieving method. In addition, pressure waveforms at lithotripter focus (F2) produced at different output settings were measured using a fiber optic probe hydrophone. RESULTS: The rate of stone comminution in SWL varied significantly in a dose dependent manner depending on the treatment strategies used. Specifically the comminution efficiencies produced by the 3 strategies after the initial 500 shocks were 30.7%, 59% and 41.9%, respectively. After 1,000 shocks the corresponding comminution efficiencies became similar (60.2%, 68.1% and 66.4%, respectively) with no statistically significant differences (p = 0.08). After 1,500 shocks the final comminution efficiency produced by the first strategy was 88.7%, which was better than the corresponding values of 81.2% and 83.5%, respectively, for the other 2 strategies. The difference between the final comminution efficiency of the first and second strategies was statistically significant (p = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Progressive increase in lithotripter output voltage can produce the best overall stone comminution in vitro.     

急性坏死性胰腺炎大鼠脑脊液髓磷脂碱性蛋白水平变化的初步研究

目的:研究急性坏死性胰腺炎(ANP)大鼠24h内脑脊液髓磷脂碱性蛋白(MBP)水平的动态变化。方法:应用5%和1%的牛磺胆酸钠分别诱导ANP和急性水肿性胰腺炎(AEP)大鼠模型,同时设立假手术对照组。分别于模型诱发后3、6、9、12及24h,经大鼠小脑延髓池抽取脑脊液。以酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)法测定标本中的MBP含量。结果:诱发ANP后3h,脑脊液MBP水平明显高于AEP组和假手术组(P<0.01);6h和9h时仍维持于较高水平(P<0.05),12h开始缓慢降低。而AEP组和假手术组的MBP水平无明显变化,在24h内维持于较低水平。结论:ANP大鼠早期时脑脊液MBP水平已异常升高,提示脑组织髓鞘结构已有损害。检测脑脊液MBP水平变化对临床胰腺炎病人并发脑功能障碍的诊断和预后评估具有重要意义。     

肝移植围手术期出凝血功能障碍的防治

目的　探讨肝移植围手术期出凝血功能障碍的防治。方法　回顾性分析我院 2 0 0 2年 6月～ 2 0 0 3年 12月施行的 6 1例肝移植病例。结果　 6 1例肝移植术前肝功能ChildC级 35例 (5 7 4 % ) ,ChildB级 2 6例 (4 2 6 % ) ,ChildC组的患者术中凝血指标 (INR)的变化程度大于ChildB组 (P <0 0 5 )。与凝血有关的并发症中大出血 5例 (8 2 % ) ,肾衰 6例 (9 8% ) ,肝动脉血栓形成 5例 (8 2 % ) ,手术开展两阶段对比 ,第二阶段主要因限制了大量凝血药及血制品的使用 ,并发症明显减少。结论　掌握好不同时期、不同患者出血和血栓形成的平衡是防治肝移植围手术期出凝血功能障碍的关键     

门脉高压症患者脾切除术后免疫功能的改变及其与脾组织免疫细胞的关系

目的　研究门脉高压症脾亢患者脾切除前后免疫功能的改变 ,以及巨脾组织免疫活性细胞的数量变化。探讨门脉高压症脾亢患者脾脏切除术合理性的免疫学基础。方法　对门脉高压症脾切除术患者 ,术前检测静脉血T淋巴细胞亚群 (CD3 、CD4 、CD8 、CD2 0 )及NK细胞 ;白介素 2(IL 2 )和白介素 10 (IL 10 ) ;γ干扰素 (IFN γ) ;免疫球蛋白 (IgG、IgM、IgA)及补体C3、C4。脾切除术后 1周、1月再次检测上述指标。切除的巨脾组织制成石蜡切片 ,检测CD3 、CD8 、CD2 0 、CD6 8 阳性细胞数量及分布 ,与正常脾组织进行比较。结果　①脾切除术后 1月免疫球蛋白IgG、补体C3、C4均升高 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,IgM、IgA呈增高趋势 ,但无统计学意义。②脾切除术后 1月IL 2、IFN γ明显升高 ,但仍低于正常人 ;IL 10明显降低 ,但仍高于正常人。③脾切除手术前后外周血CD4 、CD8 、CD4 /CD8 、CD2 0 细胞变化均无统计学意义。仅CD3 、NK细胞术后 1月明显升高 (P <0 .0 1)。④门静脉高压症巨脾与正常脾脏比较 ,CD3 、CD8 、CD2 0 、CD6 8 细胞数均减少。结论　经部分免疫学指标检测 ,门脉高压症脾亢患者免疫功能降低 ,脾切除术能使门脉高压症患者免疫功能得到一定改善。     

内镜标本端粒酶定量检测对良恶性梗阻性黄疸的诊断价值

目的　为探讨胆胰系统恶性肿瘤组织与端粒酶表达的关系 ,并在术前找出一种简便、安全、快速的早期诊断及鉴别良、恶性梗阻性黄疸的方法。方法　对梗阻性黄疸病例于术前行内镜逆行胰胆管造影 (ERCP)检查 ,于造影前抽取胆汁或胰液、部分病例取活检组织 ,并于开腹手术当中再次切取癌组织标本 ,所有标本进行端粒酶活性的定量检测 ,所得数据进行统计学处理。结果　 (1)恶性梗阻性黄疸组织标本中端粒酶表达阳性率为 87 5 0 % (2 8/ 32 ) ,良性梗阻性黄疸组织标本中端粒酶表达阳性率为 3 33% (1/ 30 ) ;(2 )恶性梗阻性黄疸体液标本中端粒酶表达阳性率为 71 88% (2 3/ 32 ) ,良性梗阻性黄疸体液标本中端粒酶表达阳性率为 3 33% (1/ 30 ) ,恶性梗阻性黄疸内镜下钳取的活检组织 ,其端粒酶阳性率为 83 33% (10 / 12 )。结论　在术前通过十二指肠镜采集患者的胆汁和胰液 ,并钳取活检组织 ,分别进行端粒酶活性的定量检测 ,这是一种简便、安全、快速的早期诊断及鉴别良、恶性梗阻性黄疸的方法。     

肾上腺淋巴管瘤1例报告并文献复习

目的：探讨肾上腺淋巴管瘤的临床特点、诊断、髂别诊断、治疗及预后。方法：回顾性分析1例。肾上腺囊性淋巴管瘤的临床资料．复习相关文献并总结诊疗经验。结果：患者行腹腔镜下行左肾上腺切除术·未发生任何术中及术后并发症,术后恢复良好。结论：肾上腺淋巴管瘤是一种极为罕见的肾上腺良性肿瘤·患者一般无明显临床表现。术前诊断主要依靠影像学检查．确诊需病理学检查．手术治疗为首选方法。     

减少新生儿静脉输液外渗的护理干预

目的 探讨减少新生儿静脉输液外渗的有效方法.方法 将需要实施静脉输液的80例新生儿随机分为观察组和对照组各40例.对照组按常规行静脉输液,观察组实施静脉输液护理干预,包括建立团队,将不同药物发生外渗后的处理方法编印成册,合理安排药物输注顺序等.结果 观察组一次穿刺成功率显著高于对照组,血管外渗发生率显著低于对照组（P＜0.05,P＜0.01）.结论 通过强化责任,依靠团队,确定目标,分析外渗影响因素,可有效减少新生儿静脉输液外渗.