医源性胆管损伤64例临床分析

目的 分析总结医源性胆管损伤诊治经验。方法 回顾性分析2005年1月至2009年12月中国医科大学附属盛京医院收治的64例医源性胆管损伤病人的临床资料。结果 64例中发生于开腹胆道手术41例,腹腔镜胆囊切除术16例,其他手术7例。4例损伤较轻,术后出现胆汁瘘,行鼻胆管引流术;5例首次术中发现行损伤处T管引流术;55例行胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术。1例死亡,2例吻合口狭窄再次手术,1例术后支架管脱落后吻合口狭窄再次手术,63例痊愈。结论 术中发现胆管较小损伤（<3mm）慎用单纯缝合修补,应积极实施T管引流。术中发现胆管横断,术后数天发现胆管损伤或重建术失败者,胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术为首选术式;胆肠吻合应慎用环型吻合器。     

青少年特发性脊柱侧凸校正身高的临床评估

青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(adolescent idiopathic scoliosis,AIS)是一种三维结构性脊柱畸形,冠状面上侧凸、矢状面上胸椎后凸的减少甚至前凸以及水平面上椎体的旋转及楔形变都可能影响患者的身高,且身高的丢失随着侧凸的进展而加重,尤其当存在冠状面及矢状面失衡、躯干塌陷时,身高改变更为明显.     

女性青少年特发性脊柱侧凸支具治疗效果和影响因素评估

目的 评估女性青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(adolescent idiopathic scoliosis,AIS)患者支具治疗效果及影响因素.方法 2003年7月至2009年7月,完成支具治疗或因侧凸进展而行手术治疗的女性AIS患者142例,初诊时平均年龄为(13.1±1.5)岁,平均主弯Cobb角29.6°±5.4°,平均Risser征为(2.0±1.5)级.定义侧凸畸形进展为末次随访Cobb角大于初诊6°以上或治疗期间建议行矫形手术(Cobb 角＞45°),其余为非进展.根据侧凸进展或需手术治疗的比率来评估支具治疗效果.运用卡方检验和Logistic回归分析探讨影响支具治疗效果的因素.结果 平均支具治疗时间为(2.5±1.0)年.按照侧凸进展的定义,进展组为27例(19%),非进展组115例(81%);手术组病例18例(13%),因支具治疗而避免手术病例124例(87%).卡方检验发现侧凸进展组和手术组中以初诊年龄10.0～12.9岁、月经初潮未至、Risser征0～1级、初诊Cobb角＞30°以及胸弯型居多.Logistic回归分析发现月经初潮未至(P=0.000)和胸弯型(P=0.012)是支具治疗后侧凸进展的独立预测因素,而初诊Cobb角＞30°(P=0.022)是支具治疗期间因侧凸进展而需手术治疗的另一独立预测因素.结论 支具治疗可有效控制多数AIS患者的侧凸进展,而生长发育状态、侧凸严重程度和侧凸类型是影响支具疗效的重要因素.

Abstract：

Objective To analyze the outcomes of bracing treatment for girls with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), and to investigate the predictive factors of the protocol. Methods This study included 142 girls with AIS who finished standardized bracing treatment from July 2003 to July 2009. These patients had a mean age of 13.1±1.5 years, a mean main curve of 29.6°±5.4°, and a mean Risser grade of 2.0±1.5 before bracing treatment. Curve progression was defined that Cobb angle was greater than 6° compared to bracing initiation or was aggravated to more than 45° (indicative for surgery). The outcomes of bracing treatment were assessed based on the ratio of curves of progression or indicative for surgery. Chi-square and Logistic regression Analyses were performed to investigate the predictive factors of bracing treatment. Results The duration of bracing treatment averaged 2.5±1.0 years. Twenty-seven girls with curve progression (19%)and 115 girls (81%) with non-progression were found. Final curve which was greater than 45° was found in 18 girls (13%) who need a correction surgery, the remaining 124 girls (87%) had completed bracing treatment and avoided surgery. Chi-square analyses revealed that curve progression were more common in younger girls with lower Risser grade, with initial larger Cobb angle and with a main thoracic curve pattern.Logistic regression analyses found that premenarchal status and a main thoracic curve pattern were the independent risk factors of curve progression despite bracing. While initial Cobb angle which was greater than 30° was the additional independent risk factor of progression requiring surgery. Conclusion Bracing treatment could effectively prevent curve progression in most girls with AIS. The degree of growth maturity, the pattern and grade of curve are the influencing factor for bracing treatment.     

肾癌所致骨软化症一例报告及文献复习

目的 探讨肿瘤源性低磷骨软化症(OO)的临床表现、病理特点、治疗及预后.方法 OO患者1例,男,17岁.双下肢无力、肌肉萎缩、关节疼痛4年.实验室检查提示低血磷,X线检查示诸腰椎不同程度楔形变,骨盆骨质密度减低.B超检查见左肾正常形态消失,上极可见部分肾结构,中下极被巨大混合结构取代,大小约15.1 cm×14.5 cm×13.2 cm,与胰尾分界欠清,内部回声不均,血流丰富,可见多支血管穿行其内.CT检查见左肾巨大肿瘤,直径15.0 cm,增强后中度强化;瘤体内见多发回流静脉血管影,左肾动脉、左副肾动脉及肠系膜下动脉的分支参与肿瘤供血;肿瘤下方迂曲静脉血管团回流入左肾静脉.奥曲肽显像检查见左肾中下极水平巨大异常放射性浓聚区,考虑为生长抑素受体高表达之病变.诊断为左肾恶性肿瘤伴骨软化症.行经腹左肾根治性切除术,术中见左肾中下极巨大类圆形肿瘤,直径约15.0 cm,表面包绕大量怒张的静脉.手术顺利. 结果术后7 d血磷恢复正常,下肢肌力较前改善.病理报告为肾透明细胞癌,波形蛋白(+),肾细胞癌抗体(+),Ki-67约2%.随诊11个月,骨软化症状逐渐消失,肿瘤无复发及转移. 结论 OO罕见,尤其是肾癌所致OO,目前尚未见报道.对临床表现为乏力、下肢活动障碍、骨痛、低磷血症的患者,应考虑OO的可能,并积极寻找肿瘤病灶.一旦确诊,手术切除是主要治疗手段,预后较好.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the clinical manifestations, pathologic features, treatment and prognosis of oncogenic osteomalacia (OO). Methods A 17-year-old male patient was admitted.The patient presented with a 4-year history of progressive lower limb weakness, muscle atrophy and joint pain. Lab tests demonstrated hypophosphatemia. Lumbar and pelvic X-ray showed wedging of the lumbar spine and decreased pelvic bone density. Ultrasonography revealed a low-echo and bloodrich mass measuring 15.1 cm× 14.5 cm× 13.2 cm located at the lower pole of left kidney. Computed tomography showed a voluminous enhanced tumor, supplied by the left renal artery, vice renal artery and a branch of the inferior mesenteric artery. A tortuous vein at the lower part of the tumor drained into the left renal vein. A radioactive octreotide scan was used to study an increased radionuclide-uptake lesion which was initially suspected on the CT scan. The patient was preoperatively diagnosed with left malignant kidney tumor and oncogenic osteomalacia. During a left radical nephrectomy performed through a transperitoneal anterior subcostal incision, a round diameter 15 cm tumor covered by twisted veins was found. The patient recovered well postoperatively. Results The histological diagnosis was renal clear cell carcinoma. Immunohistochemical staining detected Vimentin and RCC were positive and Ki-67antigen index was about 2 %. After lesion removal, the paraneoplastic syndrome resolved. At the 11-month follow-up, no recurrence of the disease was observed. Conclusions Oncogenic osteomalacia is rare and OO with renal cell carcinoma has not been reported so far. OO or rickets should be suspected in those patients who presented with metabolic bone disease associated with hypophosphatemia and inappropriate phosphaturia. If OO syndrome was suspected, in addition to past medical history and imaging, a standard meticulous examination should be initiated promptly. Surgical treatment is still necessary once confirmed. And all of them achieved a good prognosis.     

慢性粒细胞白血病患者的骨髓间充质干细胞对树突状细胞功能的调控

目的 探讨慢性粒细胞白血病(CML)患者骨髓间充质干细胞(MSC)对单个核细胞来源的树突状细胞(DC)的功能的调控及其机制.方法 采用细胞贴壁法获取CML患者骨髓MSC,在低血清培养液中培养和扩增.获取正常成人志愿者外周血单个核细胞,直接在体外诱导生成DC(正常DC组),另加入正常志愿者MSC(正常诱导组)或CML患者骨髓MSC(CML诱导组)以诱导生成DC.用流式细胞仪检测各组收获DC的免疫表型及MSC对DC吞噬功能的影响;用酶联免疫吸附试验检测各组DC白细胞介素12(IL-12)的分泌;混合淋巴细胞反应检测MSC对DC介导的异体T淋巴细胞增殖能力的抑制作用.结果与正常DC组相比较,正常诱导组和MSC诱导组培养7 d后未成熟DC的共刺激分子CD1a、CD80、CD83、CD86、CD40和HLA-DR的表达量较低(P＜0.05);与正常DC组相比较,诱导9 d后,正常诱导组和MSC诱导组成熟DC的CD40、CD86和CD83的表达量较低(P＜0.05).与正常DC组相比较,CML诱导组的不成熟DC的吞噬功能显著降低(P＜0.05),CML诱导组DC IL-12的分泌量显著下降(P＜0.05).CML诱导组的DC对T淋巴细胞增殖的刺激作用有所下降(P＜0.05).结论 CML患者骨髓MSC对DC的分化成熟以及其免疫调控能力有一定的抑制作用.

Abstract：

Objective To study the effects and mechanisms of mesenthymal stem cells (MSCs)derived bone marrow of patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) on function of monocytederived dendritic cells in vitro. Methods Bone marrow mononuclear cells from CML patients were obtained and cultured. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) derived from normal volunteers were isolated and cultured in DC differentiational condition. Moreover, PBMCs were co-cultured with CML bone marrow-derived MSCs (CML-MSC) or normal volunteers' bone marrow-derived MSC (normal-MSC) in DC differentiational condition. Immunophenotype and the endocytosis of monocytederived DCs were investigated by FACS. The level of IL-12 was evaluated by enzyme linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA). The immunoregulatory ability was detected by mixed lymphocyte culture assay. Results CML-MSCs or normal-MSC inhibited the up-regulation of CD1a,CD40,CD80,CD86,and HLA-DR during DC differentiation and reduced CD40,CD86,and CD83 expression during DC maturation. CML-MSCs inhibited the endocytosis of DCs and decreased their capacity to secret IL-12. CML-MSC could significantly suppress the function of DCs stimulating proliferation of T lymphocytes. Conclusion CML-derived MSCs harbored effect on the differentiation and maturation of DCs in vitro ; CML-MSC could inhibit the immunregulation of DCs.     

Phylogenetic Analysis of the Spike (S) Gene of the New Variants of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhoea Virus in Taiwan

New variants of porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV), which emerged in Taiwan in late 2013, have caused a high morbidity and mortality in neonatal piglets. To investigate the molecular characteristics of the spike (S) gene of the emerging Taiwan PEDV strains for a better understanding of the genetic diversity and relationship among the Taiwan new variants and the global PEDVs, full‐length S genes of PEDVs from nine 1–7 day‐old piglets from three pig farms in the central and southern Taiwan were sequenced and analysed. The result of phylogenetic analysis of the S gene showed that all the Taiwan PEDV strains were closely related to the non‐S INDEL strains from US, Canada and China, suggesting a common ancestor for these strains. As compared with the historic PEDVs and CV777‐based vaccine strains, the nine Taiwan PEDV variants shared almost the same genetic signatures as the global non‐S INDEL strains, including a series of insertions, deletions and mutations in the amino terminal as well as identical mutations in the neutralizing epitopes of the S gene. The high similarity of the S protein among the Taiwan and the globally emerged non‐S INDEL PEDV strains suggests that the Taiwan new variants may share similar pathogenesis and immunogenicity as the global outbreak variants. The development of a novel vaccine based on the Taiwan or the global non‐S INDEL strains may be contributive to the control of the current global porcine epidemic diarrhoea outbreaks.     

Identification of a Lineage D Betacoronavirus in Cave Nectar Bats (Eonycteris spelaea) in Singapore and an Overview of Lineage D Reservoir Ecology in SE Asian Bats

Coronaviruses are a diverse group of viruses that infect mammals and birds. Bats are reservoirs for several different coronaviruses in the Alphacoronavirus and Betacoronavirus genera. They also appear to be the natural reservoir for the ancestral viruses that generated the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus outbreaks. Here, we detected coronavirus sequences in next‐generation sequence data created from Eonycteris spelaea faeces and urine. We also screened by PCR urine samples, faecal samples and rectal swabs collected from six species of bats in Singapore between 2011 and 2014, all of which were negative. The phylogenetic analysis indicates this novel strain is most closely related to lineage D Betacoronaviruses detected in a diverse range of bat species. This is the second time that coronaviruses have been detected in cave nectar bats, but the first coronavirus sequence data generated from this species. Bat species from which this group of coronaviruses has been detected are widely distributed across SE Asia, South Asia and Southern China. They overlap geographically, often share roosting sites and have been witnessed to forage on the same plant. The addition of sequence data from this group of viruses will allow us to better understand coronavirus evolution and host specificity.     

A cross‐sectional study to quantify the prevalence of avian influenza viruses in poultry at intervention and non‐intervention live bird markets in central Vietnam, 2014

In Vietnam, live bird markets are found in most populated centres, providing the means by which fresh poultry can be purchased by consumers for immediate consumption. Live bird markets are aggregation points for large numbers of poultry, and therefore, it is common for a range of avian influenza viruses to be mixed within live bird markets as a result of different poultry types and species being brought together from different geographical locations. We conducted a cross‐sectional study in seven live bird markets in four districts of Thua Thien Hue Province in August and December, 2014. The aims of this study were to (i) document the prevalence of avian influenza in live bird markets (as measured by virus isolation); and (ii) quantify individual bird‐, seller‐ and market‐level characteristics that rendered poultry more likely to be positive for avian influenza virus at the time of sale. A questionnaire soliciting details of knowledge, attitude and avian influenza practices was administered to poultry sellers in study markets. At the same time, swabs and faecal samples were collected from individual poultry and submitted for isolation of avian influenza virus. The final data set comprised samples from 1,629 birds from 83 sellers in the seven live bird markets. A total of 113 birds were positive for virus isolation; a prevalence of 6.9 (95% CI 5.8–8.3) avian influenza virus‐positive birds per 100 birds submitted for sale. After adjusting for clustering at the market and individual seller levels, none of the explanatory variables solicited in the questionnaire were significantly associated with avian influenza virus isolation positivity. The proportions of variance at the individual market, seller and individual bird levels were 6%, 48% and 46%, respectively. We conclude that the emphasis of avian influenza control efforts in Vietnam should be at the individual seller level as opposed to the market level.