Optimization of CO2 Sorption onto Spent Shale with Diethylenetriamine (DETA) and Ethylenediamine (EDA)

A novel technique was employed to optimize the CO₂ sorption performance of spent shale at elevated pressure–temperature (PT) conditions. Four samples of spent shale prepared from the pyrolysis of oil shale under an anoxic condition were further modified with diethylenetriamine (DETA) and ethylenediamine (EDA) through the impregnation technique to investigate the variations in their physicochemical characteristics and sorption performance. The textural and structural properties of the DETA- and EDA- modified samples revealed a decrease in the surface area from tens of m²/g to a unit of m²/g due to the amine group dispersing into the available pores, but the pore sizes drastically increased to macropores and led to the creation of micropores. The N–H and C–N bonds of amine noticed on the modified samples exhibit remarkable affinity for CO₂ sequestration and are confirmed to be thermally stable at higher temperatures by thermogravimetric (TG) analysis. Furthermore, the maximum sorption capacity of the spent shale increased by about 100% with the DETA modification, and the equilibrium isotherm analyses confirmed the sorption performance to support heterogenous sorption in conjunction with both monolayer and multilayer coverage since they agreed with the Sips, Toth, Langmuir, and Freundlich models. The sorption kinetics confirm that the sorption process is not limited to diffusion, and both physisorption and chemisorption have also occurred. Furthermore, the heat of enthalpy reveals an endothermic reaction observed between the CO₂ and amine-modified samples as a result of the chemical bond, which will require more energy to break down. This investigation reveals that optimization of spent shale with amine functional groups can enhance its sorption behavior and the amine-modified spent shale can be a promising sorbent for CO₂ sequestration from impure steams of the natural gas.     

Exercise training restores aerobic capacity and energy transfer systems in heart failure treated with losartan

OBJECTIVE: Clinical and experimental studies demonstrate that exercise training improves aerobic capacity and cardiac function in heart failure, even in patients on optimal treatment with angiotensin inhibitors and beta-blockers, but the cellular mechanisms are incompletely understood. Since myocardial dysfunction is frequently associated with impaired energy status, the aim of this study was to assess the effects of exercise training and losartan on myocardial systems for energy production and transfer in heart failure. METHODS: Maximal oxygen uptake, cardiac function and energy metabolism were assessed in heart failure after a myocardial infarction induced by coronary artery ligation in female Sprague-Dawley rats. Losartan was initiated one week after infarction and exercise training after four weeks, either as single interventions or combined. Animals were sacrificed 12 weeks after surgery. RESULTS: Heart failure, confirmed by left ventricular diastolic pressure >15 mmHg and by >20 mmHg drop in peak systolic pressure, was associated with 40% lower aerobic capacity and significant reductions in enzymes involved in energy metabolism. Combined treatment yielded best improvement of aerobic capacity and ventricular pressure characteristics. Exercise training completely restored aerobic capacity and partly or fully restored creatine and adenylate kinases, whereas losartan alone further reduced these enzymes. In contrast, losartan reduced left ventricle diastolic pressure, whereas exercise training had a neutral effect. CONCLUSION: Exercise training markedly improves aerobic capacity and cardiac function after myocardial infarction, either alone or in combination with angiotensin inhibition. The two interventions appear to act by complementary mechanisms; whereas exercise training restores cardiac energy metabolism, mainly at the level of energy transfer, losartan unloads the heart by lowering filling pressure and afterload.     

Contact dermatitis in Nigeria

Contact dermatitis of the feet is common in Nigeria. 136 patients with dermatitis of the feet were investigated; 83 had positive patch tests. 59 to chemicals in shoes; 22 reacted to rubber chemicals and 16 to chromate, 53 had negative patch tests. The causal mechanisms and treatment methods are described.     

Influence of carbidopa, an aromatic amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor, on the development of autoimmune hemolytic anemia in NZB mice

Causal relationships of carbidopa and its related drugs on the development of spontaneous autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) in NZB mice were studied, and the following results were obtained: 1) Long term treatment with carbidopa (3 mg/kg/day) and levodopa (30 mg/kg/day) neither accelerated nor suppressed the development of spontaneous AIHA in NZB mice. 2) In mice treated with carbidopa/levodopa (3/30 mg/kg/day), microhematocrit levels were lower than those in the control mice on and after 20 weeks of age and showed a significant decrease at 66 weeks of age (P less than 0.05). The average anti-RBC antibody titers reached the maximum level 8 weeks earlier than the control group. 3) Microhematocrit levels in the alpha-methyldopa (60 mg/kg/day)-treated group were higher than those in the control group, and at 66 weeks of age, they were decreased below that in the control group. The elevation of anti-RBC antibody titers was slower than that in the control group. As the reason for the weak effectiveness of alpha-methyldopa on the incidence of AIHA, it might be considered that the dosage employed was not sufficiently high enough and/or it may be due to the species difference between man and animals. Further studies are necessary in order to draw a conclusion on the AIHA-inducing ability of carbidopa.     

Evaluation of nutritional status using body fat, physiological and biochemical parameters in some Nigerian women

Some nutritional parameters were investigated in 62 healthy Nigerian female subjects of low socio-economic status. The percentage body fat (% BF) and some biochemical parameters, High and Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C and LDL-C), Total Plasma Cholesterol (TC), Triglyceride (TG), Uric Acid (UA), Urinary Creatinine (U-Cr), Creatinine in plasma (P-Cr) and Creatinine clearance (Cr-CI), were evaluated. Also determined were the Body Mass Index (BMI), Packed Cell Volume, Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure (BP-I, BP-2), various skin-fold measurements and body circumferences. Reference values were then established for these various parameters and the correlation between the various variables determined. When the subjects were stratified into four groups (underweight, normal, overweight, and obese) based on their BMI, significant differences (ANOVA, p < 0.05) were observed in LDL-C, Cr-CI, BP-I, as well as 10 out of the 13 anthropometric parameters. These differences could possibly provide diagnostic/prognostic insight for the four groups and the many important diseases associated with them. The hip circumference, in particular, has such a high correlation with both BMI and % BF that it is being suggested as a substitute for these two important parameters in Nigerian women of low socio-economic background.     

Management and health issues in women with epilepsy - a review

Although epilepsy affects men and women equally, there are special implications for women, especially during their childbearing years, and particularly when pregnancy is contemplated. This review summarisesthe complexity and multifaceted nature of health issues affecting women with epilepsy (WWE) in general and epilepsy in women beyond childbearing age. The female sex hormones and their cyclic as well as age-related variations certainly influence seizure activity and epilepsy in women. Catamenial epilepsy is a multifaceted neuroendocrine condition in which seizures are clustered around specific points in the menstrual cycle, most often around perimenstrual or periovulatory period. There are special concerns for women of child bearing years with regard to contraception, pregnancy and teratogenicity that should be considered during counseling and selection of appropriate treatment.Although the majority of pregnant WWE experience normal pregnancies and deliveries, their children have a higher risk of birth defects. Individualised treatment coupling antiepileptic drug use (AED) and the specific phase of impact of the reproductive cycle must be considered in treatment selection. As the number of available treatment options for epilepsy increases, the optimal goal for the general practitioner is to work as a team with obstetricians and gynaecologists, and neurologists in an effort to ensure the best treatment of WWE     

Reducing Liver Cancer Risk in African-Born Immigrants Through Culturally Targeted Hepatitis B Group Education Programs

Of 900 West African-born immigrants living in New York City who were tested for hepatitis B virus (HBV), over 9% were found to have the infection (Shankar H et al. Clin Infectious Dis 62(S4):S289–s297, 2016). Community targeted group education programs (EP) have been shown to improve immigrant population’s health (Bailey E et al. J Natl Med Assoc 92(3):136–42, 2000). Our aim is to enhance HBV screening in at-risk West African immigrants through the development of a group EP as a first critical step to reducing liver cancer risk. The framework for an HBV group EP was created based on our prior work to identify barriers and facilitators for HBV screening in this community (Sriphanlop, P et al. Am J Health Behav 5(10):745–754, 2014). The framework was then refined with input from community “gatekeepers” or leaders (n = 57) through four focus groups. After refining the group EP, we then pilot tested the EP with 154 participants from eight different West African communities with a pre-/post-test HBV knowledge survey assessment to determine the impact of the group EP. Results from the pre-/post-test survey assessment demonstrated a significant increase in HBV knowledge after the EP (70% pre-test vs. 88% post-test, p value <.01). Through a community-based participatory approach, a group EP could be effective in increasing knowledge about HBV infection and HBV screening as a first step to reducing liver cancer risk.     

Effect of kolanut on the pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial drug halofantrine

Objective To study the effect of the concomitant consumption of kolanut, a caffeine-containing nut, on the pharmacokinetics of halofantrine. Methods A single dose of 500 mg halofantrine hydrochloride was orally administered either alone or concomitant with 12.5 g kolanut to 15 healthy male volunteers in a Latin-square randomized crossover design with a wash-out period of 6 weeks between treatments. Blood samples were collected and analyzed by HPLC for halofantrine and the active metabolite N-desbutylhalofantrine. Results Concomitant intake of kolanut with halofantrine significantly decreased C_max and AUC of both halofantrine and the metabolite desbutylhalofantrine, while no significant effect was observed for t _max and t _1/2 of the compounds. In the case of halofantrine, C_max decreased from 179 ± 119 to 98 ± 32 ng/ml, and the AUC was reduced from 17,450 ± 4,611 to 11,821 ± 4,069 ng·h/ml. C_max of desbutylhalofantrine decreased from 124 ± 41 to 62 ± 23 ng/ml and the AUC from 13,341 ± 4,749 to 7,359 ± 3,018 ng·h/ml when kolanut was co-administered. Conclusions Co-administration of halofantrine and kolanut caused a significant decrease in the plasma concentrations of halofantrine and the active metabolite desbutylhalofantrine probably during adsorption of the drug due to complex formation. This indicates that caution should be exerted when the drug is taken together with caffeine-containing nutrients.