Objective
We compared estimates of childhood influenza vaccination coverage by health status, age, and racial/ethnic group across eight consecutive influenza seasons (2004 through 2012) based on two survey systems to assess trends in childhood influenza vaccination coverage in the U.S.
Methods
We used National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) and National Immunization Survey-Flu (NIS-Flu) data to estimate receipt of at least one dose of influenza vaccination among children aged 6 months to 17 years based on parental report. We computed estimates using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis methods.
Results
Based on the NHIS, overall influenza vaccination coverage with at least one dose of influenza vaccine among children increased from 16.2% during the 2004–2005 influenza season to 47.1% during the 2011–2012 influenza season. Children with health conditions that put them at high risk for complications from influenza had higher influenza vaccination coverage than children without these health conditions for all the seasons studied. In seven of the eight seasons studied, there were no significant differences in influenza vaccination coverage between non-Hispanic black and non-Hispanic white children. Influenza vaccination coverage estimates for children were slightly higher based on NIS-Flu data compared with NHIS data for the 2010–2011 and 2011–2012 influenza seasons (4.1 and 4.4 percentage points higher, respectively); both NIS-Flu and NHIS estimates had similar patterns of decreasing vaccination coverage with increasing age.
Conclusions
Although influenza vaccination coverage among children continued to increase, by the 2011–2012 influenza season, only slightly less than half of U.S. children were vaccinated against influenza. Much improvement is needed to ensure all children aged ≥6 months are vaccinated annually against influenza.Recommendations to vaccinate children against influenza began in 1960, when people with certain health conditions that put them at increased risk of severe illness from influenza were recommended to receive annual influenza vaccination, implicitly including children with high-risk conditions.
1 The recommendations for influenza vaccination of children remained unchanged until 2002, when providers were encouraged to vaccinate all children aged 6–23 months, regardless of medical conditions,
2 and in 2004, when all children aged 6–23 months were explicitly recommended for vaccination.
3 In 2006, the influenza recommendations were expanded to include annual vaccination for all children aged 6–59 months.
4 Recommendations were further expanded in 2008 to include annual vaccination of all children aged 6 months to 18 years.
5Since the 2010–2011 influenza season, annual influenza vaccination has been recommended for all people aged 6 months and older.
6 Children aged 6 months to 8 years should receive two doses of influenza vaccine, spaced four weeks apart, during their first season of vaccination and then one dose per season in subsequent seasons.
7 During inter-pandemic seasons through 2011–2012, trivalent influenza vaccine was available, providing protection against two influenza A subtypes and one type B strain. During the 2009–2010 influenza season, two influenza vaccines were recommended: the trivalent seasonal influenza vaccination and the pandemic influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 (pH1N1) monovalent vaccination.
8The National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) and the National Immunization Survey-Flu (NIS-Flu) have been the primary surveys used to measure influenza vaccination coverage among children. NHIS, an in-person household survey, began collecting parental report of influenza vaccination in 2005.
9 NHIS has been considered the most representative source for estimates of influenza vaccination coverage among children aged 6 months to 17 years and has served as the Healthy People data source for influenza vaccination estimates.
10 NHIS, however, has not routinely allowed for state-level estimates and is not timely enough to enable the reporting of influenza estimates before the beginning of the next influenza season. NIS-Flu is an ongoing telephone survey of households with children aged 6 months to 17 years. National and state-level estimates of influenza vaccination coverage for children based on parental-reported vaccination status from NIS-Flu have been reported by fall of the subsequent influenza vaccination season.
11,12The aims of this study were to (
1) examine estimates of childhood influenza vaccination coverage over time by age, race/ethnicity, and high-risk status; and (
2) compare estimates from NHIS and NIS-Flu, the two main survey systems currently used to measure influenza vaccination coverage among children in the U.S.
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