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91.
92.
In a retrospective analysis of 819 patients operated on for gallbladder disease, the costs and mortality rates were compared for 2 different strategies: (a) routine use of intraoperative cholangiography, or (b) selective use of intraoperative cholangiography on patients fulfilling at least 1 of 4 common clinical criteria. Selective use led to lower costs and lower mortality rates. The main reason for this outcome was that the benefits of detecting more stones in the bile duct by the routine use of cholangiography were counterbalanced by an increase in costs and risks because false-positive operative cholangiograms led to a greater number of unnecessary choledochotomies.  相似文献   
93.
BACKGROUND: Previous studies suggested granulocyte-macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) might be beneficial for radiotherapy-induced mucositis. This trial examined the efficacy of GM-CSF in reducing mucositis of the oral cavity and/or oropharynx compared with conventional treatment. METHODS: Mucositis, documented by a five-grade scale, was defined in patients with tumors of the head-neck. Centers were allowed to use their own preferred fractionation regimen. Randomization to treatment was decided before radiotherapy. Treatment with GM-CSF 4 microg/kg/d subcutaneous, started when patients displayed a mucositis score > or = 1.5. RESULTS: Ninety-two patients entered the study according to intention-to-treat principle. Twenty did not reach a mucositis index of 1.5. Sixty-one patients were included in the statistical analysis. Forty-five percent of the patients randomized to receive GM-CSF had a significant reduction of the mucositis more than one grade compared to 9% of the conventional treated. CONCLUSIONS: In severe mucositis, GM-CSF is more effective than conventional treatment.  相似文献   
94.
Zusammenfassung Es sollte untersucht werden, welchen Einfluss die Injektion einer geringen Menge Lokalanästhestikums an einen Nerven auf dessen Stimulierbarkeit mit der peripheren elektrischen Nervenstimulation hat. Bei 35 Patienten wurde randomisiert und verblindet an den N. ischiadicus entweder Kochsalzlösung oder Lokalanästhetikum injiziert; 30 s und 2 min nach der Injektion wurde die Stromstärke gemessen, die zu vergleichbaren Muskelreaktionen führte. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass nach 30 s bzw. 2 min bereits mit einem ausgeprägten Lokalanästhetikumeffekt gerechnet werden muss. Die Sicherheit, die die Nervenstimulation zur Vermeidung von Nervenschäden bietet, ist nicht mehr gegeben, wenn in dem Bereich, in den bereits Lokalanästhetikum injiziert wurde, erneut punktiert und nach weiteren Nerven gesucht wird. Es muss vor der Durchführung einer Regionalanästhesie in Multiinjektionstechnik bei enger anatomischer Beziehung der zu blockierenden Nerven gewarnt werden, da bereits anästhesierte Nerven bzw. Nervanteile eine schlechtere Stimulationsfähigkeit besitzen und somit evtl. bei der zweiten oder dritten Punktion geschädigt werden könnten.  相似文献   
95.
The influence of different contraceptive techniques on the incidence of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in 672 patients with gonorrhoea have been studied. The lowest frequency of PID was found in patients using hormonal contraceptives (Group A), 8.8 per cent compared to 23.5 per cent in patients using intrauterine devices (Group B) and 15.1 per cent in patients using neither technique (Group C). In comparable control groups no significant differences in background factors, such as age, marital status and sexual activity were demonstrated. It is therefore concluded that the significantly lower incidence of PID in patients using hormonal contraceptives compared to the other groups and the high incidence of PID in patients using intrauterine devices is related to the contraceptive technique per se.  相似文献   
96.
With the aim of investigating whether exogenous noradrenaline (NA) and adrenaline (A) can modulate transmitter release via the stimulation of presynaptic beta-adrenoceptors, 3H-release from isolated portal veins was studied after pretreatment with 3H-1-NA, phenoxybenzamine, desipramine and normetanephrine. NA (10 muM) and A (0.05 muM) increased the fractional 3H-release elicited by sympathetic nerve stimulation by 30%. This effect could be blocked by d, 1-propranolol which per se reduced the release by 10%. It is concluded that NA can facilitate its own release via a presynaptic beta-adrenoceptor-mediated positive feed-back mechanism and that adrenaline can stimulate this beta-adrenoceptor-mediated mechanism.  相似文献   
97.
98.
Non-Animal Stabilized Hyaluronic Acid   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a major component of human synovial fluid, providing the rheologic properties (elasticity and viscosity) that enable the synovial fluid to perform lubricating and shock-absorbing functions within the healthy joint. Over the last 2 decades, HA preparations have become established in intra-articular therapy of osteoarthritis (OA), particularly OA of the knee. Existing HA preparations, both cross-linked and non-cross-linked, are all administered by courses of multiple injections, and all have been associated with variable success rates. The clinical profile of an HA preparation is inextricably linked to the product's physicochemical properties. For example, the molecular structure of the HA affects the intra-articular residence time, which should in turn influence the duration of action post-injection. Non-animal stabilized hyaluronic acid (NASHA) is a new-generation HA preparation, produced wholly from non-animal sources. NASHA is stabilized using a carefully controlled cross-linking process, which increases the intra-articular residence time from hours to weeks. This facilitates single-injection treatment for OA without affecting the biocompatibility of HA. This review evaluates the properties of NASHA, including the available clinical data, in the context of previously developed HA preparations.  相似文献   
99.
Summary The present work describes a high resolution technique for locating proteins in frozen sections of the inner ear by immunofluorescence. Dissected organs are encapsulated in gelatin, and sections 0.1–1 m thick are cut at –100°C in a cryoultramicrotome. These are labelled with antibodies against two cytoskeletal proteins, actin and tubulin. Actin, which had previously only been described in the sensory cells, is found in the supporting cells as well. Tubulin is identified in the supporting cells and in outer spiral nerve fibres.Supported by grants from the Swedish Medical Research Council (no. 04x-02461), the Ragnar and Torsten Söderberg Foundation, and the Foundation Tysta Skolan  相似文献   
100.
The causes leading to a second abortion were outlined in a psychological study comparing 30 women expecting a second abortion with 29 women who had successfully prevented conception after a first abortion. It was found that both groups improved their contraceptive practices after the first abortion. However, while the latter group continued with their improved practices, the former group went back to the earlier inefficient or non-existent contraceptive behavior. The inability to improve contraception in the long run was not related to differences in educational level or knowledge about contraceptive techniques but to the developmental level of personality structures. The women expecting their second abortion rated lower in control of impulsivity, emotional balance, realism, self-esteem and stability of life as well as capacity for more integrated personal relationships. The differences in personality development and consequently in the capacity for long-term contraception were found to be due to growth conditions in childhood.  相似文献   
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