Blurry Boundaries: Do Epithelial Borderline Lesions of the Breast and Ductal Carcinoma In Situ Have Similar Rates of Subsequent Invasive Cancer?

Background

The histology of epithelial “borderline lesions” of the breast, which have features in between atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH) and ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), is well described, but the clinical behavior is not. This study reports subsequent ipsilateral breast events (IBE) in patients with borderline lesions compared with those with DCIS.

Methods

Patients undergoing breast-conserving surgery for borderline lesions or DCIS from 1997 to 2010 were identified from a prospective database. IBE was defined as the diagnosis of subsequent ipsilateral DCIS or invasive ductal carcinoma.

Results

A total of 143 borderline-lesion patients and 2,328 DCIS patients were identified. Median follow-up was 2.9 and 4.4 years, respectively. 7 borderline-lesion and 172 DCIS patients experienced an IBE. 5 year IBE rates were 7.7 % for borderline lesions and 7.2 % for DCIS (p = .80). 5 year invasive IBE rates were 6.5 and 2.8 %, respectively (p = .25). Similarly, when analyses were restricted to patients who did not receive radiotherapy, or endocrine therapy, or both, borderline-lesion and DCIS patients did not demonstrate statistically significant differences in rates of IBE or invasive IBE.

Conclusions

When compared with DCIS, borderline lesions do not demonstrate lower rates of IBE or invasive IBE. Despite “borderline” histology, a 5 year IBE rate of 7.7 % and an invasive IBE rate of 6.5 % suggest that the risk of future carcinoma is significant and similar to that of DCIS.     

Adenoid cystic carcinoma of female breast: A case report

INTRODUCTIONAdenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) of the breast is a rare neoplasm accounting for 0.1% of breast carcinomas.PRESENTATION OF CASEA 30 year old female patient presented with multiple lumps in the right breast. Excision biopsy of a lump in the lower outer quadrant revealed adenoid cystic carcinoma. A right sided modified radical mastectomy (MRM) was performed, with axillary clearance. Histopathology revealed a fibroadenoma accounting for one mass and adenoid cystic carcinoma in another, confirmed on Periodic acid Schiff (PAS) staining. Three out of the eight excised axillary lymph nodes contained malignancy. There was no evidence of recurrence or distant spread at follow-up 6 months postoperatively.DISCUSSIONACC of the breast is a rare neoplasm accounting for 0.1% of breast carcinomas and is of special interest because of its favourable prognosis and distinctive histological appearance. This tumor occurs predominantly in women in their sixth decade and usually presents as a tender breast mass, often in the subareolar area though in our case it was not tender and presented as multiple lumps in the right breast. The diagnosis can be made on fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), but in our case FNAC was inconclusive. We performed MRM with axillary clearance, and three out eight lymph nodes proved positive for malignancy.CONCLUSIONACC is a rare malignant neoplasm. Surgical treatment is the mainstay with little role for radiotherapy and chemotherapy according to the published literature.     

Primary angiosarcoma of breast: A case report

INTRODUCTIONPrimary breast angiosarcoma is a rare form of breast cancer, accounting for only 0.04% of all malignant breast tumours.PRESENTATION OF CASEA 28-year-old woman presented with a progressive lump in the right breast for one month. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) was highly suspicious of angiosarcoma, and this diagnosis was confirmed on core needle biopsy. Modified radical mastectomy was performed as sole treatment.DISCUSSIONPrimary breast angiosarcoma is a rare type of breast malignancy, usually occurring in the third to fourth decade and only reported in women. The histological features of angiosarcoma of the breast are conventionally graded I, II or III. Total mastectomy appears to be the only treatment conferring benefit, chemotherapy and radiation therapy being of little proven value to date. The 5-year disease-free survival for grade I tumours can be as high as 76%, and up to 70% for grade II tumours whereas for grade III tumours it is reportedly about 15%.CONCLUSIONPrimary angiosarcoma of the breast is a rare malignancy with a poor prognosis, even after complete resection. Surgery is the mainstay of treatment with a limited role for chemotherapy and radiotherapy.     

Cyclin B1 overexpression in conventional oral squamous cell carcinoma and verrucous carcinoma-A correlation with clinicopathological features

Background: Nuclear localization of cyclin B1 is an indicator for cells undergoing mitotic division, and the overexpression has shown promising results as a good prognostic predictor for patients of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Cyclin B1 overexpression among histological grades of conventional oral squamous cell carcinoma (COSCC), as well as comparison with verrucous carcinoma (VC) has been less investigated. Study Design: Immunohistochemical expression of cyclin B1 was compared with various clinicopathological features in 30 primary COSCC and 31 primary VC cases. Result: Cyclin B1 showed significant overexpression for some clinical features for both the variants of oral squamous cell carcinoma. In histopathological variants, statistical significance was observed among grades of COSCC, as well as COSCC and its grades with VC. The concomitant increase in cyclin B1 overexpression from VC to grades COSCC was observed. Conclusion: Our study findings draw attention to cyclin B1 overexpression is involved in early carcinogenesis, cell differentiation and tumor proliferation. Key words:Cyclin B1, oral squamous cell carcinoma, verrucous carcinoma, head and neck cancer.     

Distinct set of kinases induced after retrieval of spatial memory discriminate memory modulation processes in the mouse hippocampus

Protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation events play a key role in memory formation and various protein kinases and phosphatases have been firmly associated with memory performance. Here, we determined expression changes of protein kinases and phosphatases following retrieval of spatial memory in CD1 mice in a Morris Water Maze task, using antibody microarrays and confirmatory Western blot. Comparing changes following single and consecutive retrieval, we identified stably and differentially expressed kinases, some of which have never been implicated before in memory functions. On the basis of these findings we define a small signaling network associated with spatial memory retrieval. Moreover, we describe differential regulation and correlation of expression levels with behavioral performance of polo‐like kinase 1. Together with its recently observed genetic association to autism‐spectrum disorders our data suggest a role of this kinase in balancing preservation and flexibility of learned behavior. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Magnetically separable Zn1−xCo0.5xMg0.5xFe2O4 ferrites: stable and efficient sunlight-driven photocatalyst for environmental remediation

Nanomaterials have recently gained significant interest as they are believed to offer an outstanding prospect for use in environmental remediation. Among many possible candidates, due to their useful properties including magnetic nature, wide surface area, and high absorptivity, ferrite materials hold tremendous appeal, allowing them to be used for multifaceted applications. In the present study, using a sol–gel auto combustion process, a magnetically separable Zn_1−xCo_0.5xMg_0.5xFe₂O₄ (x = 0.0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.0) ferrite with superior photocatalytic activity for dye degradation was manufactured. Rietveld refinement and FTIR studies confirm that a single-phase cubic spinel system was built for all samples with crystallite sizes of 34–57 nm. VSM has determined the magnetic properties of the samples at room temperature. With the introduction of Mg²⁺ and Co²⁺ in the Zn ferrites, a transformation from the soft superparamagnetic activity to the hard ferromagnetic character was reported. Considering the band structure in the visible region, the photocatalytic activities of the Zn_1−xCo_0.5xMg_0.5xFe₂O₄ ferrites for the degradation of the MB dye under natural sunlight were investigated. Zn_0.25Co_0.375Mg_0.375Fe₂O₄ showed an efficiency of degradation of 99.23% for MB dye with a quick 40 min irradiation period with high reusability of up to four cycles.

Nanomaterials have recently gained significant interest as they are believed to offer an outstanding prospect for use in environmental remediation.     

Synthesis,radiosynthesis, and positron emission tomography neuroimaging using 5-[18F]fluoro-L-amino suberate

System xc- (Sx_c-) has emerged as a new biological target for PET studies to detect oxidative and excitotoxic stress. Notably, applications have, thus far, been limited to tumour imaging although Sx_c^-) may play a major role in neurodegeneration. The synthesis procedures of tosylate precursor and its translation to Sx_c- PET tracer 5[18F]fluoro-L-amino suberate by manual and automated radiosyntheses are described. A brain-PET study has been conducted to evaluate the tracer uptake into brain in healthy mice.