新疆家畜蠕形蚤病病原研究

本文详细介绍了在新疆发现的花蠕形蚤、叶氏蠕形蚤、北山羊蠕形蚤、羊长喙蚤和狍长喙蚤的形态学特点、地理分布和某些生物学特性。     

Diagnostic accuracy of fetal renal pelvis anteroposterior diameter as a predictor of uropathy: a prospective study.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the accuracy of prenatal ultrasound measurement of anteroposterior renal pelvis diameter (APD) to discriminate between significant uropathy and idiopathic renal pelvis dilatation. METHODS: One-hundred-and-three neonates who were found to have fetal renal pelvis dilatation, defined as presence of an APD > or = 5 mm, underwent systematic investigation for uropathies and were prospectively followed. An ultrasound scan was performed after the first week of postnatal life and all infants underwent a voiding cystourethrogram. Neonates with an APD larger than 10 mm underwent renal scintigraphy. Ultrasound scans, clinical examination and laboratory reviews were scheduled at 6-month intervals. Receiver-operating characteristics (ROC) curves were constructed to determine the best cut-offs for APD to identify renal units with significant uropathy as well as those requiring surgical intervention. Significant uropathy was defined as the presence of well-established urinary tract abnormalities or when there was abnormal renal scintigraphy. RESULTS: The estimated area under the curve for APD was 0.900 (95% CI, 0.841-0.942) indicating excellent power to discriminate between idiopathic pelvis dilatation and significant uropathy. The sensitivity and specificity for the 7.5 mm cut-off point were 97.9% and 40.6%, respectively. To identify infants who required surgical intervention, the calculated area under the curve was 0.953 (95% CI, 0.908-0.980). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that measurement of APD is an excellent test to identify fetuses with significant uropathy, as well as those requiring postnatal intervention.     

Urban hospital cesarean section delivery rates in Paraíba State, Brazil, 1977-81.

Paraíba State, Brazil is one of the poorest areas in that country; many of the hospitals are not high quality and medical training is not comparable to that of developed countries. Nevertheless, the rate of cesarean section delivery in urban hospitals has risen from 19.0 per cent in 1977 to 28.5 in 1981. Despite the larger volume of obstetric services in government hospitals, these hospitals had lower cesarean section rates than private hospitals, both profit and non-profit.     

The response to carbogen breathing in experimental tumour models monitored by gradient-recalled echo magnetic resonance imaging.

Gradient-recalled echo magnetic resonance imaging (GRE MRI), which gives information on blood flow and oxygenation changes (Robinson SP, Howe FA, Griffiths JR 1995, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 33: 855), was used to observe the responses of six rodent tumour models to carbogen breathing. In one transplanted rat tumour, the Morris hepatoma 9618a, and a chemically induced rat tumour, the MNU-induced mammary adenocarcinoma, there were marked image intensity increases, similar to those previously observed in the rat GH3 prolactinoma. In contrast, the rat Walker carcinosarcoma showed no response. In two mouse tumours, the RIF-1 fibrosarcoma and the human xenograft HT29, carbogen breathing induced a transient fall in signal intensity that reversed spontaneously within a few minutes. The rat GH3 prolactinoma was xenografted into nude mice, and an increase in image intensity was found in response to carbogen, suggesting that any effects that carbogen may have had on the host were not significant determinants of the tumour response. The increases in GRE image intensity of the MNU, H9618a and GH3 tumours during carbogen breathing are consistent with increases in tumour oxygenation and blood flow, whereas the responses of the RIF-1 and HT29 tumours may be the result of a transient steal effect followed by homeostatic correction.     

Clinical research and drug development in Latin America: weighing the pros and cons, talking about the future.

Two decades ago, clinical trials were carried out only in developed countries. Drug development and the need to speed up clinical trials lead the conduction of clinical trials to other countries. Among the regions of interest, Latin America (LA) has played its role successfully. LA has a large number of naive patients, qualified investigators, established regulatory systems and reasonable costs. Furthermore, LA might be also considered as a new option for any company looking for international patterns on drug research and development. The region has good professionals with scientific qualifications, well-established multinational pharmaceutical bases and an expansive pharmaceutical regional market. This work summarizes the recent advances that have occurred in drug research and development in the region and the expansion of the clinical trial market in the last couple of years.     

Martynoside and the Novel Dimeric Open-Chain Monoterpene Glucoside Digipenstroside from Penstemon digitalis

From the leaves of PENSTEMON DIGITALIS Nutt. a novel dimeric open-chain monoterpene glucoside, digipenstroside, in addition to the known phenylpropanoid glycoside martynoside has been isolated. The structure of digipenstroside was elucidated by spectroscopic means (FD-MS, (1)H-, (13)C-, and 2D-NMR spectroscopy) as 1-(beta- D-glucopyranosyl)-8-[8'-hydroxy-2'-6'-dimethyl-oct-2'( E),6'( E)-dienoyl]-5,8-dihydroxy-2,6-dimethylocta-2( E),6( E)-dienoate. Therefore digipenstroside belongs to a new type of natural compounds, comprising of two geraniol-type monoterpenes and glucose linked by esterification. The occurrence of such compounds together with intact iridoid glycosides might be of interest from the biogenetic point of view.     

Adenosine administration produces an antidepressant-like effect in mice: evidence for the involvement of A1 and A2A receptors

This study investigated the effect of adenosine in the forced swimming test (FST) and the tail suspension test (TST) in mice, and the contribution of adenosine A1 and A2A receptors to adenosine's antidepressant-like effect. The immobility time in the FST was reduced by adenosine given either by i.p. (5-10 mg/kg) or i.c.v. (0.01-10 microg/site) route. Adenosine (1-10 mg/kg, i.p.) also produced an antidepressant-like effect in the TST. No treatment affected locomotion in an open-field. The anti-immobility effect of adenosine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) in the FST was prevented by i.p. pretreatment of mice with caffeine (3 mg/kg), DPCPX (2 mg/kg) and ZM241385 (1 mg/kg). CHA (0.05 mg/kg, i.p.) and DPMA (1-5 mg/kg, i.p.) also produced an antidepressant-like effect in the FST. This is the first report of an antidepressant-like effect of adenosine in mice, apparently mediated through an interaction with A1 and A2A receptors.