Review of dry powder inhalers

The search for alternatives to metered-dose inhalers has accelerated recently in a bid to find effective products that do not use chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) propellants. This paper reviews the factors to be considered in developing dry powder inhalers (DPIs), particularly the formulation, metering design and flow path in the device. The advantages and disadvantages of current DPIs are discussed and possible future approaches outlined.     

Changing domains in the management process. Radiographers as managers in the NHS

Examines a group of radiographers developing management roles within the backdrop of a changing NHS. A comparative study of 25 Scottish and English radiographer managers were interviewed using semi-structured interviews. Interviews were based on a number of issues associated with moving from a clinical professional to a clinical manager and were analysed using domain theory. The interviews formed a number of emerging themes, which included management, professionalism, management style, conflicts between the role of both manager and professional, and role change. Radiographer managers are forming new "hybrid" manager roles, which have been developing within a changing NHS. A definite tension was seen in this role change. This transition was not easy for this group of radiographer managers. However, they have shown resilience in undertaking both operational and strategic management decisions, while using their clinical background to inform their decision making.     

小分割分次立体定向放射治疗脑转移瘤近期疗效观察

目的观察小分割分次立体定向放射治疗(fractionated stereotatic radiation therapy,FSRT)脑转移瘤的近期疗效.方法15例病人单纯全脑外照射(WBRT组),中间平面剂量20～40Gy/10～20次/2～4周.17例病人接受FSRT(FSRT组),每次分次剂量为2.5～3.0Gy.其中11病人行单纯FSRT,中心总剂量为30～60Gy/1 0～20次/2～4周;6例病人先行WBRT,然后行FSRT,中心总剂量为46～60Gy/5～6周.结果KSP评分增加10分以上者,WBRT组为5 3.3%,FSRT组为82.4%.(P＜0.05).WBRT组有效率(CR PR)为50.0%;FSRT组有效率(CR PR)为80.0%.中位生存率:WBRT组为3.5月,FSRT组为10.0月.结论FSRT能有效地控制脑转移瘤,减轻神经系统症状,提高生存质量,延长病人生存期,而没有增加副作用,值得临床推广应用.     

Comparative mouse skin tumorigenicity and induction of Ha-ras mutations by bay region diol epoxides of 5-methylchrysene and 5,6- dimethylchrysene

We compared the tumor-initiating activities toward mouse skin of two structurally related polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon diol epoxides: racemic anti-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-5,6-dimethylchrysene-1,2-diol-3,4- epoxide (5,6-diMeCDE) and racemic anti-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-5- methylchrysene-1,2-diol-3,4-epoxide (5-MeCDE). Tumors induced by these diol epoxides were analysed for mutations in the Ha-ras gene. 5,6- diMeCDE is derived from the non-planar parent compound 5,6- dimethylchrysene, and reacts to approximately equal extents with dA and dG in DNA, whereas 5-MeCDE is derived from a nearly planar parent compound, 5-methylchrysene, and reacts mainly with dG in DNA. 5,6- diMeCDE, at initiating doses of 33, 100 or 400 nmol per mouse, induced 1.2, 2.2 and 6.2 skin tumors per mouse, respectively. It was significantly less tumorigenic than 5-MeCDE which induced 3.1, 7.5 and 9.1 skin tumors per mouse at the same doses. Tumors induced by 5,6- diMeCDE had a large number of CAA-->CTA mutations in codon 61 of the Ha- ras gene: 50, 55 and 75% of the tumors analysed had this mutation at the 33, 100 and 400 nmol doses. No mutations were found in codons 12 and 13 in the tumors induced by 5,6-diMeCDE. In contrast, CAA-->CTA mutations in codon 61 were rarely seen in tumors induced by 5-MeCDE. At the highest dose of 5-MeCDE, 20% of the tumors analysed had mutations at G of codons 12 and 13. The results of this comparative study support the hypothesis that mutations in the Ha-ras gene in mouse skin tumors induced by PAH diol epoxides occur as a result of their direct reaction with the gene. However, pathways other than the commonly observed Ha- ras codon 61 mutations are clearly important in mouse skin tumorigenesis by these diol epoxides.      

白首乌化学成分的研究

自白首乌主要品种耳叶牛皮消(Cynanchum auriculatum Royle ex Wight)根中首次分得三个已知甾体酯型甙元:告达亭(caudatin),开德甙元(kidjolanin),萝藦甙元(Metaplexigenin)和一种新的二苯酮衍生物(Ⅳ),经光谱分析推定其结构为2,6,2′,5′-四羟基,3-乙酰基,6′-甲基二苯酮,命名白首乌二苯酮。     

用差示扫描量热法及激光拉曼光谱研究足叶乙甙对二棕榈酰磷脂酰胆碱脂质体膜流动性影响

本文用DSC和激光拉曼光谱研究抗癌药物足叶乙甙(4-去甲基表鬼臼毒素-β-D-乙叉吡喃葡萄糖甙,简称VP 16-213)与二棕榈酰磷脂酰胆碱(DPPC)脂质体的作用。VP 16-213分子掺入DPPC脂质体双层中,不但使相转变温度向高温移动,而且吸热峰的半高宽度随VP 16-213浓度增加而变宽。其Raman光谱在频率2850 cm~(-1)处的C-H键对称伸缩振动亦随着药物浓度增加而减弱。这些结果表明VP 16-213分子是定域在脂双层中DPPC分子链的C_1～C_9亚甲基区域,使脂质体的有序性提高而流动性降低。     

白首乌化学成分的研究

自白首乌主要品种耳叶牛皮消(Cynanchum auriculatum Royle ex Wight)根中首次分得三个已知甾体酯型甙元:告达亭(caudatin),开德甙元(kidjolanin),萝藦甙元(Metaplexigenin)和一种新的二苯酮衍生物(Ⅳ),经光谱分析推定其结构为2,6,2′,5′-四羟基,3-乙酰基,6′-甲基二苯酮,命名白首乌二苯酮。     

Mortalin/Hspa9 involvement and therapeutic perspective in Parkinson’s disease

By controlling the proper folding of proteins imported into mitochondria and ensuring crosstalk between the reticulum and mitochondria to modulate intracellular calcium fluxes, Mortalin is a chaperone protein that plays crucial roles in neuronal homeostasis and activity. However, its expression and stability are strongly modified in response to cellular stresses, in particular upon altered oxidative conditions during neurodegeneration. Here, we report and discuss the abundant literature that has highlighted its contribution to the pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease, as well as its therapeutic and prognostic potential in this still incurable pathology.Key Words: chaperone, Hspa9, mitochondria, Mortalin, neurodegeneration, oxidative stress, Parkinson’s disease, prognostic and therapeutic potential     

急性心肌梗死后CD34+干细胞自体动员的意义

目的:已有理论提出急性心肌梗死后骨髓和外周血中的CD34 干细胞具有自身动员的潜能,观察这一潜能的变化特征及其对心肌梗死组织再生能力的影响。方法:实验于2004-09/2005-02在阜外心血管病医院完成。①实验动物:雄性SD大鼠40只,随机数字表法分为心肌梗死组、假手术组,20只/组。②实验方法:心肌梗死组大鼠采用冠状动脉结扎法建立心肌梗死模型。心电图ST段抬高或有室性心律出现,前壁心肌呈苍白色为造模成功。假手术组仅作开胸手术,前降支不予结扎。③实验评估:于心肌梗死后3,7,14,28d,流式细胞仪检测骨髓和外周血中CD34 干细胞的含量。用免疫组化方法检测梗死心肌组织中的Ki67细胞和毛细血管数量。结果:①外周血及骨髓CD34 干细胞含量的变化:心肌梗死组外周血中的CD34 干细胞数量于造模后3d开始上升,7d后明显高于假手术组(P<0.01),至14,28d时逐渐回落至假手术组水平(P>0.05)。心肌梗死组骨髓中的CD34 干细胞数量于造模后各时间点始终无明显变化(P>0.05)。②组织学评定:心肌梗死组梗死区Ki67细胞和毛细血管数量于造模后3d开始增多,7d时明显多于非梗死区(P<0.05);至14,28d梗死区Ki67细胞数量明显少于造模后7d(P<0.05),毛细血管数量的减少不明显(P>0.05)。免疫组化染色显示少数Ki67细胞分化为血管内皮细胞,未见向心肌细胞分化。③相关性分析:梗死区Ki67细胞、毛细血管数量于造模后7d与外周血中CD34 干细胞数量呈显著正相关(r=0.913,P=0.021;r=0.887,P=0.035)。结论:机体CD34 干细胞的自体动员、增殖反应的潜能随急性心肌梗死时间的延长而逐渐减弱,自体动员的干细胞功能尚不足以达到修复梗死心肌组织的效果。