In vitro antiplasmodial activity of some plants used in Kisii,Kenya against malaria and their chloroquine potentiation effects

Fifty-five organic and aqueous extracts of 11 plants used in malaria therapy in Kisii District, Kenya were tested in vitro against chloroquine (CQ)-sensitive and resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum. Of the plants tested, 73% were active (IC(50) < 100 microg/ml). Three plants, Vernonia lasiopus, Rhamnus prinoides and Ficus sur afforded extracts with IC(50) values ranging less than 30 microg/ml against both CQ-sensitive and resistant strains. Combination of some extracts with CQ against the multi-drug resistant P. falciparum isolate V1/S revealed some synergistic effect. The plant extracts with low IC(50) values may be used as sources for novel antimalarial compounds to be used alone or in combination with CQ.     

Synthetic analogues of the bacterial signal (quorum sensing) molecule N-(3-oxododecanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone as immune modulators

Comparative immune modulatory activity for a range of synthetic analogues of a Pseudomonas aeruginosa signal molecule, N-(3-oxododecanoyl)-l-homoserine lactone (3O, C(12)-HSL), is described. Twenty-four single or combination systematic alterations of the structural components of 3O, C(12)-HSL were introduced as described. Given the already defined immunological profile of the parent compound, 3O, C(12)-HSL, these compounds were assayed for their ability to inhibit murine and human leucocyte proliferation and TNF-alpha secretion by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated human leucocytes in order to provide an initial structure-activity profile. From IC(50) values obtained with a murine splenocyte proliferation assay, it is apparent that acylated l-homoserine lactones with an 11-13 C side chain containing either a 3-oxo or a 3-hydroxy group are optimal structures for immune suppressive activity. These derivatives of 3O, C(12)-HSL with monounsaturation and/or a terminal nonpolar substituent on the side chain were also potent immune suppressive agents. However, structures lacking the homoserine lactone ring, structures lacking the l-configuration at the chiral center, and those with polar substituents were essentially devoid of activity. The ability of compounds selected from the optimal activity range to modulate mitogen-driven human peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation and LPS-induced TNF-alpha secretion indicates the suitability of these compounds for further investigation in relation to their molecular mechanisms of action in TNF-alpha driven immunological diseases, particularly autoimmune diseases such as psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, and type 1 (autoimmune) diabetes.     

Spinal intramedullary ependymal cyst. Report of two cases and review of the literature

Two pediatric patients (4 and 5 years of age) with spinal intramedullary ependymal cysts located at the cervical and dorsal cord are reported here. One patient was admitted with subtle signs, while the other had disabling spastic quadriparesis. In both patients, MRI depicted a well-demarcated, localized, nonenhancing intramedullary lesion isointense with CSF on T(1)- and T(2)-weighted images. Total excision of the covering membrane of the cyst was not possible in either case. The child with spastic quadriparesis had a remarkable recovery, while the subtle signs of the other patient regained normalcy at the follow-up of 4 and 5 months, respectively.     

Usefulness of gamma intracoronary radiation for totally occluded in-stent restenotic coronary narrowing

This is the first study to demonstrate the appearance of the Fibonacci Cascade within the distribution of coronary artery lesions in the human heart. The propensity for this ratio to appear in nature may also be because this ratio optimizes the efficiency of packing structures in a limited space in such a way that wasted space is minimized and the supply of energy or nutrients is optimized.     

A study on the serum levels of interleukin-1beta in bronchial asthma

Mononuclear phagocytes can be activated through an immunoglobulin E (IgE)- specific mechanism to release pro-inflammatory cytokine like interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta). The present study was conducted to show the inter-relationship between these two parameters in the serum of asthmatic patients. The study included 30 patients of asthma and 10 as control. Out of these 30 cases, 20 patients had stable and 10 had acute asthma. Of the 20 stable patients, 9 were allergic and 11 were non-allergic to either of the 12 allergens used for skin prick test. Serum IgE and IL-1beta levels were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Total serum IgE levels increased significantly (p < 0.05) in asthma [200.5 +/- 30.91 IU/ml, mean +/- standard error of mean (SEM)] in comparison with the controls (18.15 +/- 4.35 IU/ml). Serum IL-1beta level was higher in allergic (1.94 +/- 0.63 pg/ml) than in non-allergic patients (0.64 +/- 0.21 pg/ml) but it was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). The study suggests involvement of IgE and IL-1beta in the pathophysiology of allergic asthmatic condition. Further studies are required to delineate the inflammatory pathway in asthma and determine stages at which therapeutic interventions can be done.     

Preoperative diagnosis of allergic fungal sinusitis

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Although the diagnosis of allergic fungal sinusitis is mainly based on characteristic histopathological findings, certain preoperative diagnostic criteria have been proposed. However, their usefulness in differentiating allergic fungal sinusitis from other sinus diseases is unknown. The objective of the study was to identify accurate preoperative diagnostic parameters for allergic fungal sinusitis. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, comparative study. METHODS: Twenty consecutive cases of allergic fungal sinusitis were evaluated prospectively and compared with 16 cases of ethmoidal polyposis and 5 cases of invasive sinus aspergillosis, with regard to various clinical, radiological, and immunological parameters. All patients were categorized based on histopathological findings. RESULTS: Nasal polyps were seen in all 20 cases of allergic fungal sinusitis, all 16 cases of ethmoidal polyposis, and 2 of 5 cases of invasive sinus aspergillosis. Computed tomography (CT) scan hyper-attenuation was seen in all 20 cases of allergic fungal sinusitis but also in 2 (13%) cases of ethmoidal polyposis and 2 (40%) cases of invasive sinus aspergillosis. Serum levels of specific anti-Aspergillus immunoglobulin E were elevated in 14 (70%) cases of allergic fungal sinusitis, 2 (13%) cases of ethmoidal polyposis, and 3 (60%) cases of invasive sinus aspergillosis. The combination of all three (ie, nasal polyps, CT scan hyper-attenuation, and elevated titers of anti-Aspergillus immunoglobulin) was not found in any case of ethmoidal polyposis or invasive sinus aspergillosis. This triad demonstrated a sensitivity of 70% and a specificity of 100% for the preoperative diagnosis of allergic fungal sinusitis. CONCLUSIONS: Nasal polyps, CT scan, and specific immunoglobulin E titers, when considered in combination, have a high preoperative diagnostic value in allergic fungal sinusitis. However, they should not be considered in isolation because considerable overlap occurs with invasive sinus aspergillosis and ethmoidal polyposis.     

Status of lifestyle modifications in hypertension

Hypertension is essentially the elevation of arterial blood pressure beyond an arbitrary cut off point, though the dividing line between normal and elevated BP is lacking. Hypertension can be classified into primary, essential or idiopathic hypertension on one hand, and secondary one due to some disease itself. In treating hypertension, antihypertensives have their role, but attention may be directed towards some lifestyle modifications. As regarding dietary interventions, calorie restriction may influence the minimisation of BP. Body weight reduction, less alcohol consumption, salt restriction, potassium and calcium supplementation can enhance the process of lowering BP. The role of magnesium in hypertension is debatable. Serum cholesterol level is commonly elevated in hypertensive patients and its reduction reduces the risk of non-fatal coronary events. Diet rich in plant fibres either alone or with a low fat, low sodium could lower the BP by about 5 mm Hg in hypertensives. The omega-3-polyunsaturated fatty acids found in highest concentrations in cold water fishes have a modest antihypertensive effect. Caffeine contained in two cups of coffee may raise the BP by 5 mm Hg in infrequent users but in habitual users, caffeine has no role. Deficiency of vitamin C might lead to hypertension. As regarding behavioural changes, stopping smoking, regular physical exercise, relaxation therapies like yoga, etc, have definite beneficial effect on hypertensives. The antihypertensive effect of lifestyle modifications may obviate drug therapy. For this one or more of the lifestyle modifications should be tried initially in all hypertensive patients.     

Ambient air pollution and chronic respiratory morbidity in Delhi

The authors conducted a cross-sectional study among residents of Delhi to determine the role of ambient air pollution in chronic respiratory morbidity in Delhi. The authors selected a random, stratified sample (N = 4,171) of permanent residents who were 18+ y of age and who lived near 1 of the 9 permanent air quality monitoring stations in the city. Air-quality data for the past 10 y were obtained; data were based on the differences in total suspended particulates, and the study areas were categorized into lower- and higher-pollution zones. A standardized questionnaire was administered, clinical examination was carried out, and spirometry followed. The authors assessed chronic respiratory morbidity by (a) prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms (i.e., chronic cough, phlegm, breathlessness, and wheezing) and airway diseases (i.e., chronic obstructive pulmonary disease/chronic bronchitis and bronchial asthma); and (b) lung function results in asymptomatic nonsmoking subjects in the two pollution zones. A multiple logistic regression identified the determinants of chronic symptoms. Smoking, male sex, increasing age, and lower socioeconomic status were strong independent risk factors for occurrence of chronic respiratory symptoms. In the comparison of nonsmoking residents of lower- and higher-pollution zones--stratified according to socioeconomic levels and sex--chronic cough, chronic phlegm, and dyspnea (but not wheezing) were significantly more common in the higher-pollution zone in only some of the strata. Furthermore, prevalence rates of bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and chronic bronchitis among residents in the two pollution zones were not significantly different. Nonetheless, lung function of asymptomatic nonsmokers was consistently and significantly better among both male and female residents of the lower-pollution zone.     

Haemodynamic effects of the bacterial quorum sensing signal molecule, N-(3-oxododecanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone, in conscious, normal and endotoxaemic rats

N-acylhomoserine lactones (AHLs) are small, diffusible signalling molecules, employed by Gram-negative bacteria to coordinate gene expression with cell population density. Recent in vitro findings indicate that AHLs may function as virulence determinants per se, through modification of cytokine production by eukaryotic cells, and by stimulating the relaxation of blood vessels. In the present study, we assessed the influence of AHLs on cardiovascular function in conscious rats, and draw attention to the ability of the N-(3-oxododecanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone (3-oxo-C12-HSL), a signal molecule produced by P. aeruginosa, to cause marked bradycardia. This bradycardic effect was blocked by atropine and atenolol, and did not occur in vitro. Furthermore, modification of the acyl side chain length resulted in the loss of activity, whereas removal of the homoserine lactone ring, did not. The bradycardic effect of 3-oxo-C12-HSL was also observed in endotoxaemic animals, albeit attenuated. In normal rats, 3-oxo-C12-HSL caused initial mesenteric and hindquarters vasoconstriction, but only slight, and delayed signs of vasodilatation in the renal and mesenteric vascular beds. Furthermore, administration of 3-oxo-C12-HSL (pre-treatment or 2 h post-treatment) together with LPS, did not modify the established regional haemodynamic effects of the LPS, 6 h after the onset of its infusion. Our observations do not provide any clear evidence for an ability of 3-oxo-C12-HSL to modify the haemodynamic responses to LPS infusion. However, they are not inconsistent with the hypothesis that some of the cardiovascular sequelae of bacterial infection may be modulated by an influence of bacterial quorum sensing signalling molecules on the host.     

Cranial subdural haematoma after spinal anaesthesia

Intracranial subdural haematoma is an exceptionally rare complicationof spinal anaesthesia. A 20-yr-old male underwent appendicectomyunder partial spinal and subsequent general anaesthesia. A weeklater, he presented with severe headache and vomiting not respondingto bed rest and analgesia. Magnetic resonance imaging showeda small acute subdural haematoma in the right temporo-occipitalregion. The patient improved without surgical decompression.The pathogenesis of headache and subdural haematoma formationafter dural puncture is discussed and the literature brieflyreviewed. Severe and prolonged post-dural puncture headacheshould be regarded as a warning sign of an intracranial complication. Br J Anaesth 2001; 86: 893–5