全文获取类型
收费全文 | 12684篇 |
免费 | 708篇 |
国内免费 | 30篇 |
专业分类
耳鼻咽喉 | 169篇 |
儿科学 | 339篇 |
妇产科学 | 203篇 |
基础医学 | 1681篇 |
口腔科学 | 981篇 |
临床医学 | 1331篇 |
内科学 | 2701篇 |
皮肤病学 | 308篇 |
神经病学 | 1013篇 |
特种医学 | 252篇 |
外国民族医学 | 2篇 |
外科学 | 1110篇 |
综合类 | 93篇 |
一般理论 | 7篇 |
预防医学 | 1501篇 |
眼科学 | 179篇 |
药学 | 796篇 |
中国医学 | 51篇 |
肿瘤学 | 705篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 88篇 |
2022年 | 232篇 |
2021年 | 341篇 |
2020年 | 244篇 |
2019年 | 309篇 |
2018年 | 397篇 |
2017年 | 287篇 |
2016年 | 348篇 |
2015年 | 364篇 |
2014年 | 505篇 |
2013年 | 649篇 |
2012年 | 1022篇 |
2011年 | 1065篇 |
2010年 | 591篇 |
2009年 | 471篇 |
2008年 | 815篇 |
2007年 | 877篇 |
2006年 | 772篇 |
2005年 | 678篇 |
2004年 | 613篇 |
2003年 | 505篇 |
2002年 | 489篇 |
2001年 | 161篇 |
2000年 | 180篇 |
1999年 | 168篇 |
1998年 | 98篇 |
1997年 | 87篇 |
1996年 | 61篇 |
1995年 | 37篇 |
1994年 | 49篇 |
1993年 | 49篇 |
1992年 | 81篇 |
1991年 | 63篇 |
1990年 | 61篇 |
1989年 | 58篇 |
1988年 | 59篇 |
1987年 | 41篇 |
1986年 | 46篇 |
1985年 | 55篇 |
1984年 | 50篇 |
1983年 | 41篇 |
1982年 | 38篇 |
1981年 | 39篇 |
1980年 | 27篇 |
1979年 | 18篇 |
1978年 | 24篇 |
1977年 | 20篇 |
1976年 | 20篇 |
1975年 | 24篇 |
1968年 | 13篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
131.
Aurigena Antunes de Araújo Susana Barbosa Ribeiro Ana Cely Souza dos Santos Telma Maria Araújo Moura Lemos Caroline Addison Xavier Medeiros Gerlane Coelho Bernardo Guerra Raimundo Fernandes de Araújo Júnior Antoni Serrano-Blanco Maria Rubio-Valera 《The Psychiatric quarterly》2016,87(2):293-304
This cross-sectional study compared quality of life and side effects in 108 users of olanzapine or risperidone suffering schizophrenia and being attended at psychiatric ambulatory services in Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. Economic, socio-demographic, anthropometric, biochemical, and hormonal variables were compared. The EuroQoL Five-Dimension Scale (EQ-5D) was used to evaluate quality of life, and side effects were assessed using the Udvalg for Kliniske Undersøgelser (UKU) Side Effect Rating Scale and the Simpson–Angus Scale. Data were analysed using the χ2 test and Student’s t test, with a significance level of 5 %.The household incomes of approximately 80 % of patients were <2.0 minimum wages ($678). Anthropometric variables (waist circumference, hip circumference, weight, waist-to-hip ratio) and systolic and diastolic blood pressure were noted among male olanzapine users (all p < 0.05). EQ-5D scores showed that olanzapine use significantly impacted self-help ability (p < 0.001). Risperidone users had a mean quality-adjusted life year value of 1. Mean total Simpson–Angus Scale scores was 0.38 for olanzapine users and 0.11 for risperidone users (p < 0.02). Significant differences in UKU were observed for the following items: asthenia/lassitude/fatigue (higher among olanzapine users, p = 0.02), dystonia (higher among olanzapine users, p = 0.01), tremors (higher among olanzapine users, p = 0.03), gynecomastia (higher among risperidone users, p < 0.02), and ejaculatory dysfunction (higher among risperidone users, p < 0.02). Olanzapine users had impaired quality of life, which can be explained in part by adverse motor, biochemical, and hormonal effects characteristic of metabolic syndrome. 相似文献
132.
This study aimed at formulating simplified estimates of ion-activity products of calcium oxalate (AP(CaOx)) and calcium phosphate (AP(CaP)) in mouse urineto find the most important determinants in order to limit the analytical work-up. Literature data on mouse urine composition was used to determine the relative effect of each urine variable on the two ion-activity products. AP(CaOx) and AP(CaP) were calculated by iterative approximation with the EQUIL2 computerized program. The most important determinants for AP(CaOx) were calcium, oxalate and citrate and for AP(CaP) calcium, phosphate, citrate, magnesium and pH. Urine concentrations of the variables were used. A simplified estimate of AP(CaOx) (AP(CaOx)-index(MOUSE)) that numerically approximately corresponded to 10(8) × AP(CaOx) was given the following expression:[Formula: see text]For a series of urine samples with various composition the coefficient of correlation between AP(CaOx)-index(MOUSE) and 10(8) × AP(CaOx) was 0.99 (p = 0.00000). A similar estimate of AP(CaP) (AP(CaP)-index(MOUSE)) was formulated so that it approximately would correspond numerically to 10(14) × AP(CaP) taking the following form:[Formula: see text]For a series of variations in urine composition the coefficient of correlation was 0.95 (p = 0.00000). The two approximate estimates shown in this article are simplified expressions of AP(CaOx) and AP(CaP). The intention of these theoretical calculations was not to get methods for accurate information on the saturation levels in urine, but to have mathematical tools useful for rough conclusions on the outcome of different experimental situations in mice. It needs to be emphasized that the accuracy will be negatively influenced if urine variables not included in the formulas differ very much from basic concentrations. 相似文献
133.
Pedro Henrique Alves de Morais Vinícius Lacerda Ribeiro Igor Eduardo Caetano de Farias Luiz Eduardo Almeida Silva Fabiana Pirani Carneiro Joel Paulo Russomano Veiga João Batista de Sousa 《World journal of emergency surgery : WJES》2012,7(Z1):S10
Introduction
Most trauma patients are drunk at the time of injury. Up to 2% of traumatized patients develop sepsis, which considerably increases their mortality. Inadequate wound healing of the colonic repair can lead to postoperative complications such as leakage and sepsis.Objective
To assess the effects of acute alcohol intoxication on colonic anastomosis wound healing in septic rats.Methods
Thirty six Wistar rats were allocated into two groups: S (induction of sepsis) and AS (alcohol intake before sepsis induction). A colonic anastomosis was performed in all groups. After 1, 3 or 7 days the animals were killed. Weight variations, mortality rate, histopathology and tensile breaking strength of the colonic anastomosis were evaluated.Results
There was an overall mortality of 4 animals (11.1%), three in the group AS (16.6%) and one in the S group (5.5%). Weight loss occurred in all groups. The colon anastomosis of the AS group didn’t gain strength from the first to the seventh postoperative day. On the histopathological analysis there were no differences in the deposition of collagen or fibroblasts between the groups AS and S.Conclusion
Alcohol intake increased the mortality rate three times in septic animals. Acute alcohol intoxication delays the acquisition of tensile strength of colonic anastomosis in septic rats. Therefore, acute alcohol intoxication before sepsis leads to worse prognosis in animal models of the abdominal trauma patients.134.
Elizabeth Barrett‐Connor Gail A Laughlin Hong Li Carrie M Nielson P Ying Wang Tien T Dam Jane A Cauley Kristine E Ensrud Marcia L Stefanick Edith Lau Andrew R Hoffman Eric S Orwoll for the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Research Group 《Journal of bone and mineral research》2012,27(11):2306-2313
Low 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (VitD), low sex hormones (SH), and high sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) levels are common in older men. We tested the hypothesis that combinations of low VitD, low SH, and high SHBG would have a synergistic effect on bone mineral density (BMD), bone loss, and fracture risk in older men. Participants were a random subsample of 1468 men (mean age 74 years) from the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study (MrOS) plus 278 MrOS men with incident nonspine fractures studied in a case‐cohort design. “Abnormal” was defined as lowest quartile for VitD (<20 ng/mL), bioavailable testosterone (BioT, <163 ng/dL), and bioavailable estradiol (BioE, <11 pg/mL); and highest quartile for SHBG (>59 nM). Overall, 10% had isolated VitD deficiency; 40% had only low SH or high SHBG; 15% had both SH/SHBG and VitD abnormality; and 35% had no abnormality. Compared to men with all normal levels, those with both SH/SHBG and VitD abnormality tended to be older, more obese, and to report less physical activity. Isolated VitD deficiency, and low BioT with or without low VitD, was not significantly related to skeletal measures. The combination of VitD deficiency with low BioE and/or high SHBG was associated with significantly lower baseline BMD and higher annualized rates of hip bone loss than SH abnormalities alone or no abnormality. Compared to men with all normal levels, the multivariate‐adjusted hazard ratio (95% confidence interval [CI]) for incident nonspine fracture during 4.6‐year median follow‐up was 1.2 (0.8–1.8) for low VitD alone; 1.3 (0.9–1.9) for low BioE and/or high SHBG alone; and 1.6 (1.1–2.5) for low BioE/high SHBG plus low VitD. In summary, adverse skeletal effects of low sex steroid levels were more pronounced in older men with low VitD levels. The presence of low VitD in the presence of low BioE/high SHBG may contribute substantially to poor skeletal health. © 2012 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. 相似文献
135.
Martins BC Marques CF Nahas CS Hondo FY Pollara W Nahas SC Ribeiro Junior U Cecconello I Maluf-Filho F 《Surgical endoscopy》2012,26(9):2667-2670
Background
Postoperative pelvic abscesses in patients submitted to colorectal surgery are challenging. The surgical approach may be too risky, and image-guided drainage often is difficult due to the complex anatomy of the pelvis. This article describes novel access for drainage of a pelvic collection using a minimally invasive natural orifice approach.Methods
A 37?year-old man presented with sepsis due to a pelvic abscess during the second postoperative week after a Hartmann procedure due to perforated rectal cancer. Percutaneous drainage was determined by computed tomography to be unsuccessful, and another operation was considered to be hazardous. Because the pelvic fluid was very close to the rectal stump, transrectal drainage was planned. The rectal stump was opened using transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) instruments. The endoscope was advanced through the TEM working channel and the rectal stump opening, accessing the abdominal cavity and pelvic collection.Results
The pelvic collection was endoscopically drained and the local cavity washed with saline through the scope channel. A Foley catheter was placed in the rectal stump. The patient’s recovery after the procedure was successful, without the need for further intervention.Conclusions
Transrectal endoscopic drainage may be an option for selected cases of pelvic fluid collection in patients submitted to Hartmann’s procedure. The technique allows not only fluid drainage but also visualization of the local cavity, cleavage of multiloculated abscesses, and saline irrigation if necessary. The use of TEM instrumentation allows safe access to the peritoneal cavity. 相似文献136.
Santos JM Ribeiro SB Gaya AR Appell HJ Duarte JA 《International journal of sports medicine》2008,29(10):785-794
Muscle contraction acutely increases glucose transport in both healthy and type 2 diabetic individuals. Since glucose uptake during muscle contraction has been observed in the absence of insulin, the existence of an insulin-independent pathway has been suggested to explain this phenomenon. However, the exact mechanism behind the translocation of GLUT4 vesicles through the sarcolemma during muscle contraction is still unknown. Some substances, such as AMPK and calcium activated proteins, have been suggested as potential mediators but the exact mechanisms of their involvement remain to be elucidated. A hypothetical convergence point between the insulin cascade and the potential pathways triggered by muscle contraction has been suggested. Therefore, the earliest concept that two different routes exist in skeletal muscle has been progressively modified to the notion that glucose uptake is induced by muscle contraction via components of the insulin pathway. With further consideration, increased glucose uptake and enhanced insulin sensitivity observed during/after exercise might be explained by a metabolic- and calcium-dependent activation of several intermediate molecules of the insulin cascade. This paper aimed to review the literature in order to examine in detail these concepts behind muscle contraction-induced glucose uptake. 相似文献
137.
Iborra RT Ribeiro IC Neves MQ Charf AM Lottenberg SA Negrão CE Nakandakare ER Passarelli M 《Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports》2008,18(6):742-750
In this study, we analyzed the effect of aerobic exercise training (AET) and of a single bout of exercise on plasma oxidative stress and on antioxidant defenses in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and in healthy control subjects (C). DM and C did not differ regarding triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), insulin, and HOMA index at baseline and after AET. To measure the lag time for low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation (LAG) and the maximal rate of conjugated diene formation (MCD), participants' plasma HDL(2) and HDL(3) were incubated with LDL from pooled healthy donors' plasma. In the presence of HDL(3), both LAG and MCD were similar in C and DM, but only in DM did AET improve LAG and reduce MCD. In the presence of HDL(2), the lower baseline LAG in DM equaled C after AET. MCD was unchanged in DM after AET, but was lower than C only after AET. Furthermore, after AET plasma thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances were reduced only in DM subjects. Despite not modifying the total plasma antioxidant status and serum paraoxonase-1 activity in both groups, AET lowered the plasma lipid peroxides, corrected the HDL(2), and improved the HDL(3) antioxidant efficiency in DM independent of the changes in blood glucose, insulin, and plasma HDL concentration and composition. 相似文献
138.
Diminished neuropeptide levels contribute to the impaired cutaneous healing response associated with diabetes mellitus 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
Gibran NS Jang YC Isik FF Greenhalgh DG Muffley LA Underwood RA Usui ML Larsen J Smith DG Bunnett N Ansel JC Olerud JE 《The Journal of surgical research》2002,108(1):122-128
Background. Patients with diabetic sensory neuropathy have significant risk of chronic ulcers. Insufficient nerve-derived mediators such as substance P (SP) may contribute to the impaired response to injury. Mutant diabetic mice (db/db), which develop neuropathy and have delayed healing, may provide a model to study the role of nerves in cutaneous injury.Methods. Skin from human chronic nonhealing ulcers and age-matched control skin was immunohistochemically evaluated for nerves. Nerve counts were also compared in murine diabetic (C57BL/KsJ-m+/+ Lepr(db); db/db) and nondiabetic (db/-) skin. Excisional wounds on the backs of db/db and db/- mice were grouped as: (a) untreated db/- mice; (b) untreated db/db mice; (c) db/db mice with polyethylene glycol (PEG); (d) db/db mice with PEG and SP 10(-9) M; or (e) db/db mice with PEG and SP 10(-6) M.Results. We demonstrated fewer nerves in the epidermis and papillary dermis of skin from human subjects with diabetes. Likewise, db/db murine skin had significantly fewer epidermal nerves than nondiabetic littermates. We confirmed increased healing times in db/db mice (51.7 days) compared to db/- littermates (19.8 days; P = 0.001). SP 10(-6) M (44 days; P = 0.02) and SP 10(-9) M (45 days; P = 0.03) shortened time to closure compared to PEG treatment alone (68 days). Since there was no difference in the percentage contraction in these treatment groups, SP may favorably promote wound epithelization.Conclusions. Our data support the use of db/db murine excisional wounds to evaluate the role of nerves in healing. We have demonstrated that exogenous SP improves wound healing kinetics in an animal model. 相似文献
139.
Mark M Melendez Rodrigo R Martinez Alexander B Dagum Steve A McClain Marcia Simon Joseph Sobanko Thomas Zimmerman Meredith Wetterau Douglas Muller Xiaoti Xu Adam J Singer Balvantray Arora 《CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PLASTIC SURGERY》2008,16(3):147-152
BACKGROUND:
An artificial dermal matrix such as Integra (Integra Life Sciences Corporation, USA) provides a wound bed template for vascular and fibrocyte ingrowth as well as collagen remodelling. Dermal repair leads to epidermal and basement membrane regeneration. Burn wounds in particular have been shown to benefit from Integra by enhanced wound healing.OBJECTIVE:
To evaluate the effect of fibrin glue to modify the integration of Integra in large excised cutaneous wounds. It was hypothesized that applying fibrin glue on a wound bed would reduce the time needed for matrix vascularization and incorporation of Integra and take of the cultured keratinocytes.METHODS:
Four separate full-thickness wounds were created on the dorsum of two swine. Wound beds were randomly assigned to either application of fibrin glue or no application of fibrin glue before application of Integra. Full-thickness biopsies were performed at days 7, 14, 21, 29 and 35. On day 21, keratinocytes were applied either as sheets or aerosolized fibrin glue suspension.RESULTS:
Histological analysis revealed a wave of inflammatory cells and early granulation tissue ingrowth into the Integra from the fascia below on day 7. Only this initial phase was augmented by application of fibrin glue to the wound bed. By day 14, most and by day 21, all of the Integra thickness was incorporated. Accelerated dermal repair proceeded from the base with new collagen deposition in Integra spaces. There was no evidence of keratinocyte engraftment, although re-epithelialization occurred at wound edges extending onto the incorporated Integra.CONCLUSIONS:
It appears there is an acceleration of early phase (day 7 to day 21) dermal incorporation with fibrin glue application to the wound bed, perhaps secondary to increased cellular migration. Day 21 appears to be too early to apply cultured keratinocytes either as sheets or aerosolized suspension. 相似文献140.
T R Ribeiro F W G Costa E C S Soares J R Williams Jr C S R Fonteles 《Dento maxillo facial radiology》2015,44(5)