Baseline Characteristics and Early Blood Pressure Control in the CONVINCE Trial

-Blood pressure (BP) control rates around the world are suboptimal. Part 2 of the National Health and Nutrition Educational Survey (NHANES) III indicates that only 27.4% of hypertensive Americans aged 18 to 74 years have a BP of <140/90 mm Hg. We wanted to assess BP control during the first 2 years and to describe the baseline characteristics of patients enrolled in the Controlled ONset Verapamil INvestigation of Cardiovascular Endpoints (CONVINCE) Study, an international clinical trial that compares outcomes in hypertensive patients randomized to initial treatment with either controlled-onset extended-release verapamil or the investigator's choice of atenolol or hydrochlorothiazide. At randomization, BP was <140/90 mm Hg in only 20.3% of the 16 602 subjects (average+/-SD age 65.6+/-7.4 years; 56% women, 84% white/7% black/7% Hispanic). The average BP at enrollment was 148/85 mm Hg for patients taking BP medications (n=13 879) and 161/94 mm Hg for previously untreated patients (n=2723). After medication titration, with a transtelephonic computer that recommended an increase in the dose or number of antihypertensive agents whenever the BP was 140/90 mm Hg, 84.8% of the subjects attained the goal BP. During 2 years of treatment, BP control was maintained in 67% to 69% of the subjects (69% to 71% for systolic BP of <140 mm Hg and 90% for diastolic BP of <90 mm Hg). These data suggest that the control of systolic BP is more difficult than the control of diastolic BP. The US national goal of having 50% of hypertensives with a BP of <140/90 mm Hg may be achievable if a forced titration strategy is used. Interested investigators, free care and medications, and well-educated subjects may make the attainment of such a goal easier in the CONVINCE study than in the general population.     

Eating disorders and biochemical composition of saliva: a retrospective matched case–control study

This study aimed to compare the biochemical composition of saliva from patients with eating disorders (EDs) with saliva from control subjects with no ED. All patients who initiated outpatient treatment in an ED clinic during a 12‐month period were invited to participate. Of the 65 patients who started treatment during the period, 54 (50 female patients/four male patients; mean age: 21.5 yr) agreed to participate. The controls were 54 sex‐ and age‐matched patients from a dental health clinic. All participants completed a questionnaire and underwent dental clinical examinations, including laboratory analyses of saliva. The proportion of subjects with unstimulated salivary hyposalivation was lower in the ED group and not correlated with intake of xerogenic drugs. Significant differences in the biochemical composition of saliva were found almost exclusively in the unstimulated state, with albumin, inorganic phosphate, aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT), chloride, magnesium, and total protein all being significantly higher in the ED group. Conditional logistic regression showed that higher ASAT and total protein concentrations were relatively good predictors of ED, with sensitivity and specificity of 65% and 67%, respectively. In conclusion, elevated salivary concentrations of ASAT and total protein may serve as indicators of ED as well as of disease severity. Future studies are needed to corroborate these initial findings.     

Neonatal screening for severe primary immunodeficiency diseases using high-throughput triplex real-time PCR

Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) and X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) are inborn errors of immune function that require prompt diagnosis and treatment to prevent life-threatening infections. The lack of functional T or B lymphocytes in these diseases serves as a diagnostic criterion and can be applied to neonatal screening. A robust triplex PCR method for quantitation of T-cell receptor excision circles (TRECs) and κ-deleting recombination excision circles (KRECs), using a single Guthrie card punch, was developed and validated in a cohort of 2560 anonymized newborn screening cards and in 49 original stored Guthrie cards from patients diagnosed with SCID, XLA, ataxia-telangiectasia, Nijmegen-breakage-syndrome, common variable immunodeficiency, immunoglobulin A deficiency, or X-linked hyper-IgM syndrome. Simultaneous measurement of TREC and KREC copy numbers in Guthrie card samples readily identified patients with SCID, XLA, ataxia-telangiectasia and Nijmegen-breakage-syndrome and thus facilitates effective newborn screening for severe immunodeficiency syndromes characterized by the absence of T or B cells.     

Assessing the validity of corneal power estimation using conventional keratometry for intraocular lens power calculation in eyes with Fuch’s dystrophy undergoing Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty

Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology - The present retrospective study was designed to test the hypothesis that the postoperative posterior to preoperative anterior...     

Myocardial Uptake and Release of Substrates in Type II Diabetics Undergoing Coronary Surgery

Objective - Knowledge about myocardial metabolism in diabetic patients is limited, and even more so in association with myocardial ischaemia and cardiac surgery. This study investigates myocardial substrate utilization in type II diabetic patients after elective coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG). Design - Myocardial substrate utilization in 10 type II diabetic patients was assessed during the first hours after elective CABG with the coronary sinus catheter technique. Results - No significant myocardial uptake of carbohydrates was observed. Free fatty acids were extracted throughout the study period but uptake was not related to arterial levels. As arterial levels of beta-hydroxybutyric acid tended to increase a significant myocardial uptake emerged. The average extraction rate of beta-hydroxybutyric acid was 31% with a peak of 42%. A comparable extraction rate of glutamate was also found whereas alanine was released from the heart. Conclusion - Free fatty acids were the main source of energy for the heart whereas uptake of carbohydrates was restricted. The high extraction rates of beta-hydroxybutyric acid and glutamate suggest an adaptive role for these substrates during this unfavourable metabolic state for the post-ischaemic diabetic heart.