An octosporeosis of the black blowfly,Phormia regina: Incidence rates of host and parasite

Summary Adult black blowflies Phormia regina were trapped from April through October in Urbana, Illinois for the years 1963 and 1964. Samples of flies from each catch were examined for the presence of the microsporidian parasite Octosporea muscaedomesticae. In 1963, the monthly parasite incidence rate steadily increased with the progression of the seasons while the fly population declined over the same period. In 1964, the monthly parasite incidence rate followed no decernable pattern; this was probably attributable to the fact that the host remained comparatively scarce for the entire period following heavy spring rains. The observed monthly parasite incidence rates ranged from zero to 13% over the two-year period. The annual parasite incidence rate was 4% in 1963 and 4.5% in 1964. No significant differences were found in the parasite incidence rates of females versus males. The observed parasite incidence rates, while indicative of general trends, probably are lower than the actual rates in nature. Reasons for this are discussed. Finally it is suggested that O. muscaedomesticae may at times act as a suppressor of P. regina populations in the field.

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Zusammenfassung Erwachsene Fliegen der Art Phormia regina wurden vom April bis Oktober in Urbana, Illinois, in den Jahren 1963 und 1964 gefangen. Einige Fliegen aus jedem Fang wurden auf Microsporidien der Art Octosporea muscaedomesticae untersucht. Im Jahre 1963 erhöhte sich die monatliche Infektionsrate ständig mit dem Fortschreiten des Jahres, während sich die Fliegenpopulation in derselben Periode verminderte. Im Jahre 1964 war eine solche Beziehung nicht erkennbar; dieser Umstand wird darauf zurückgeführt, daß der Wirt während der ganzen folgenden Periode der schweren Frühlingsregenfälle relativ spärlich auftrat. Die beobachtete monatliche Parasitenhäufigkeit wechselte während der 2-Jahresperiode zwischen 0 und 13%. Die jährliche Parasitenhäufigkeit lag 1963 bei 4% und im Jahre 1964 bei 4,5%. Es war keine significante Differenz in der Parasitenhäufigkeit zwischen weiblichen und männlichen Tieren festzustellen. Die beobachtete Parasitenhäufigkeit war, wenn man den generellen Trend betrachtet, wahrscheinlich eher geringer als die aktuelle Rate in der freien Natur. Die Gründe für diese Umstände werden diskutiert. Schließlich wird angenommen, daß sich O. muscaedomesticae als ein begrenzender Faktor (supressor) für P. regina Population in der freien Natur anzusehen ist.

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This study was supported in part by Research Grant AI-05068 from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health, U.S. Public Health Service.     

Effects of learned helplessness on brain GABA receptors

GABA is involved in both clinical depression and in animal models of depression; however, the roles of GABA(A) and GABA(B) receptors in specific brain regions are not clear. Changes in densities of both GABA(A) and GABA(B) receptors have been reported with the learned helplessness animal model of depression and with chronic antidepressant drug treatment. However, some of these findings are discrepant. Thus, we used quantitative autoradiography to study the GABA(A) and GABA(B) receptors in learned helplessness and we used an experimental paradigm that allows non-specific effects of stress to be differentiated from learned helplessness. Densities of GABA binding were measured in prefrontal cortex, septum, hippocampus, hypothalamus and amygdala. In the septum, learned helpless rats had increased densities of GABA(A) receptors and rats that did not become helpless after inescapable stress had decreased GABA(B) receptor densities. No significant group differences of GABA(A) or GABA(B) receptor densities were observed in any other brain region studied. These results suggest a unique role for the septum in modulating GABA in the learned helplessness animal model of depression.     

Age effects on executive ability

Heterogeneity of executive tasks has made it difficult to determine whether there are age-related declines in executive functioning. To address this issue, 112 individuals, 20-79 years old, took the California Trail Making Test (CTMT) and the California Stroop Test (CST), subtests of the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function Scale (D. C. Delis, E. Kaplan, & J. H. Kramer, in press) that include measurement of component skills embedded in the executive function tasks. Multiple regression analyses revealed that after controlling for component skills, age had a significant effect on the executive requirement of the CST, namely speed on the interference condition. Age did not affect switching performance on the letter-number condition of the CTMT. Additional analyses revealed that age was significantly associated with commission of certain types of errors. This study confirms the importance of partialing out components in the assessment of multidimensional cognitive tasks, particularly when making age comparisons. It also emphasizes specificity over generalizability when examining the impact of age on cognition.     

Irreversible H2-antagonism of the four isomeric butyl analogues of mifentidine

It has been hypothesized that bidentate hydrogen bonding plays an important role in the interaction of imidazolylphenylformamidines with the H₂-receptor. The present study, in which the degree of pseudoirreversible H₂-antagonism of the four isomeric butyl substituted mifentidine analogues was determined on the spontaneously beating right atrium of the male guinea-pig, lends further support to this hypothesis. In solution the EE/EZ ratio is different for the four isomeric butylated mifentidine analogues. The rank order of the percentage of E,E conformation, which favors a bidentate interaction, of the formamidine moiety parallels the rank order of pseudo-irreversible H₂-antagonism.     

Familial testicular cancer: interest in genetic testing among high-risk family members.

PURPOSE: This study is part of an ongoing National Cancer Institute multidisciplinary, etiologically-focused, cross-sectional study of Familial Testicular Cancer (FTC). The current report targets interest in clinical genetic testing for susceptibility to FTC. METHODS: Demographics, knowledge, health beliefs, and psychological and social factors were evaluated as covariates related to interest in genetic testing. RESULTS: The majority (66%) of 229 participants (64 affected men, 66 unaffected men, and 99 women) from 47 multiple-case FTC families expressed interest in having a genetic test within 6 months, should such a test become available. Interest was similar among the three subgroups mentioned above. Worries about insurance discrimination based on genetic test results were associated with a significantly lower interest in testing. Alternatively, participants were more likely to be interested in genetic testing if they were younger and had higher levels of family support, a physician's recommendation supporting testing, cancer distress, and a need for information to inform the health care of their children. CONCLUSIONS: This study reveals social and relationship factors that FTC survivors and their relatives considered important when contemplating the use of new genetic technologies. This is the first study describing hypothetical interest in genetic testing for familial testicular cancer.