Proton pump inhibitor and clopidogrel interaction: The case for watchful waiting

Clopidogrel is an integral part of the management of several important vascular diseases. However the medium to long term clinical outcomes are poorer for these patients if they experience gastro‐intestinal bleeding, hence patients with risk factors for gastro‐intestinal bleeding are frequently prescribed proton pump inhibitors. Conflicting evidence exists as to the existence of an adverse interaction between clopidogrel and proton pump. This review examines the original studies, which suggested the adverse interaction, the subsequent and most recent studies, the pharmaco‐dynamics of the two drugs and suggests an algorithm for the use of clopidogrel with proton pump inhibitors.     

Tardive dyskinesia and impaired glucose tolerance

The authors examined the role of impaired glucose metabolism in the pathophysiology of tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenic patients with and without persistent TD. Glucose tolerance and insulin levels were determined in 86 patients with persistent tardive dyskinesia and in 108 patients without tardive dyskinesia. Dyskinesias were assessed by the abnormal involuntary movement scale (AIMS) and extrapyramidal symptoms by the Simpson--Angus rating scale (SARS). Fasting blood glucose levels were significantly lower while the first and second hour glucose levels did not reveal any differences in patients with tardive dyskinesia compared with those without tardive dyskinesia. Insulin levels did not differ in these two groups. Our cross-sectional epidemiological study does not suggest hyperglycemia to be a risk factor for tardive dyskinesia. However, prospective long-term studies with multiple assessment points are needed to clarify the role of glucose metabolism in the development of tardive dyskinesia.     

MAGNOLOL REDUCES INFARCT SIZE AND SUPPRESSES VENTRICULAR ARRHYTHMIA IN RATS SUBJECTED TO CORONARY LIGATION

1. Magnolol is an active component of Magnolia officinalis. It is 1000-times more potent than α-tocopherol in inhibiting lipid peroxidation in rat heart mitochondira. In the present study, the in vivo antiarrhythmic and anti-ischaemic effects of magnolol in coronary ligated rats were investigated. 2. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were anaesthetized with urethane. Magnolol, at dosages of 10^?7, 10^?8 and 10^?9 g/kg, was adminstered intravenously 15 min before ligation of the coronary artery. 3. The incidence and duration of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation during 30 min coronary ligation were significantly reduced by magnolol. Ventricular arrhythmias during 10 min reperfusion after the relief of coronary ligation were also reduced. 4. In rats subjected to 4h coronary ligation, 10^?7 and 10^?8 g/kg magnolol significantly reduced infarct size. 5. We conclude that magnolol may protect the myocardium against ischaemic injury and suppress ventricular arrhythmia during ischaemia and reperfusion.     

Influence of work environment on emotional health in a health care setting

BACKGROUND: Radical changes are taking place in health care services and might be expected to cause job dissatisfaction, absenteeism, somatic complaints and mental health problems. Research in this area is limited and focused primarily on nurses. AIM: To understand the impact of the work environment on the emotional health of doctors and nurses in a general hospital setting. METHODS: Cross-sectional study using self-reported questionnaires including the General Health Questionnaire, the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Checklist for Civilians, the Trauma Experiences and Work Environment Scale. RESULTS: The response rates for the study were 28% (60) for doctors and 54% (431) for nurses. Whilst the prevalences of psychiatric disorder, anxiety, depression and PTSD were higher for doctors compared with nurses, this was not statistically significant. Both groups reported witnessing someone badly injured or killed as their most distressing experience (doctors 46% versus nurses 41%). Using multiple logistic regression, significant predictors of emotional health was task orientation for doctors (OR = 1.96, 95% CI = 1.1-3.6), and PTSD (OR = 17.2, 95% CI = 6.0-49.6), work pressure (OR = 1.2, 95% CI = 1.01-1.4) and innovation (OR = 0.81, 95% CI = 0.70-0.94) for nurses. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of psychiatric disorder among the doctors and nurses was similar to that in Britain. Elements of the work environment did impact on the emotional health of health care workers. Organizational development initiatives should include employee mental health issues in order to create a more positive work environment.     

环孢素A和他克莫司对移植肾P-糖蛋白表达的影响：3年随访移植肾活检

目的:观察环孢素A和他克莫司对人类移植肾组织P-糖蛋白表达影响的差异,分析两种药物肾毒性差异的分子作用途径。方法:实验于2005-01/12在南京医科大学临床肾脏病学实验室完成。选择在南京医科大学第一附属医院泌尿外科肾移植中心接受肾移植的患者60例,肾移植后时间均在3年以上,根据移植后免疫抑制方案不同将其分为2组,环孢素A组32例患者采用强的松(5mg/d) 骁悉(1.5g/d) 环孢素A(初始剂量为5mg/(kg·d))免疫抑制治疗;他克莫司组28例患者采用强的松 骁悉 他克莫司(初始剂量为0.1mg/(kg·d))免疫抑制治疗,强的松、骁悉剂量同环孢素A组。①记录两组患者的一般临床资料。②移植肾活检,比较肾组织慢性移植肾排斥的班夫评分(Ⅰ级:间质浸润同时发现中度或重度动脉炎病灶;Ⅱ级:轻度或重度内膜炎或严重的动脉内膜炎并涉及>25%的腔体;Ⅲ级:跨壁动脉内膜炎和/或动脉纤维样变和内侧平滑肌细胞坏死伴随淋巴细胞炎症)及平均慢性化病变积分(由小管萎缩、动脉病变、间质纤维化3项评分得出的均值,其中每项0~3分,依次表示<25%,26%~50%,51%~75%和>75%的观察视野)。③免疫组织染色检测移植肾P-糖蛋白的表达并借助图像分析软件比较其在近端肾小管染色强度(半定量为0~4级,0为阴性,4为最强)的差异。结果:60例患者全部进入结果分析。①环孢素A组血肌酐、尿蛋白排泄量及血脂水平显著高于他克莫司组(P<0.05),肌酐清除率显著低于他克莫司组(P<0.05)。②肾毒性指标小管萎缩、动脉透明样变、间质纤维化的发病人数环孢素A组显著高于他克莫司组(P<0.05),环孢素A组慢性化病变积分也显著高于他克莫司组(P<0.05)。③P-糖蛋白主要分布于肾小管顶膜、基底膜和细胞浆内。环孢素A组的染色强度显著低于他克莫司组(3.1±0.7,3.8±0.4,P<0.01)。结论:应用环孢素A进行肾移植术后免疫抑制的患者发生神经钙调蛋白抑制剂肾毒性的比率和程度均明显高于他克莫司组,其中P-糖蛋白的表达水平低下是其可能的分子作用途径。     

应用Heath-Carter体型法分析辽西地区城市汉族儿童青少年1263名体型特征

目的:分析辽西地区城市汉族儿童青少年的体型发育规律和特点,为体质人类学补充必要的数据。方法:按整群分层抽样法,抽取2001-07/2003-09辽西地区城市7所中小学7～19岁经学校正常体质检查证明身体健康的汉族学生,按性别分两大组,每大组按年龄分12小组,7～18岁每岁为1个年龄组,18～19岁为1个年龄组,每小组45～86名,共分24组,搜集完整资料1263名(男657名,女606名)。采用Heath-Carter体型法,每项指标测量2次,取平均值,10项指标由专人负责,测试数据按年龄和性别在微机中建立数据库,依次计算出各年龄组的内因子、中因子和外因子,体型图上的X,Y坐标值,身高/体质量1/3,样本中平均体型点到所有体型点空间距离的均数,三维空间中两个体型点间的差异,体脂含量和各类体型分布频数。结果:参加调查1263名,均进入结果分析。①7～17岁儿童青少年身高、体质量随年龄的增加而增长。平均身高、体质量男生大于女生。身高/体质量1/3指数除14,16和17岁外,各年龄组女生>男生,平均值女生>男生。体脂含量11岁以前男生>女生,12岁以后女生>男生。②辽西地区城市汉族男生的平均体型值为3.9-3.5-3.4,属中间型,女生平均体型值为4.3-2.9-3.6,属偏外胚层的内胚层体型。体型频数的变化提示辽西城市汉族男生体型分布较散,女生分布较集中,主要在内胚层体型。③内因子男生在3.18～4.81,女生在3.05～5.33,11岁以前男生>女生,12岁以后女生>男生;中因子男生在3.02～4.23,女生在2.54～3.42,除16岁男女相差不多外,其他年龄组男生>女生,外因子男生在2.64～4.22,女生在2.92～4.14,13岁以前女生>男生,14岁以后男生>女生。因此,男生较女生骨骼粗壮,肌肉发达,随着年龄的增长,女生的皮下脂肪更发达,体态丰满,男生的身体相对瘦高程度增长,身材修长。男女各年龄组间体型比较,7～,8～,9～,10～,11～,12～,13～,14～,15～,16～,17～,18～19岁三维空间中两个体型点间的差异值分别为0.95,0.85,1.10,1.06,1.37,0.43,0.87,1.44,1.42,1.12,1.11,1.33,7～,8～,12～,14～,17～,18～19年龄组男女间体型差异有显著性(t=2.07,4.09,3.12,3.86,3.39,3.99,P<0.05)。④与国内汉族及其他少数民族相比,辽西汉族男生体脂最多,骨骼肌肉不发达,身体相对矮小;辽西地区汉族女生体脂较多,骨骼肌肉不发达,体型修长。结论:辽西地区城市男生较女生骨骼粗壮,肌肉发达,随着年龄的增长,女生的皮下脂肪更发达,体态丰满,男生的身体相对瘦高程度增长,身材修长。与国内汉族及其他少数民族相比,辽西地区城市汉族儿童青少年体脂发育较好,骨骼肌肉欠发达,青春期是形成健壮体型的关键时期,辽西地区城市儿童青少年应注意合理饮食和加强体育锻炼。     

骨关节炎大鼠关节软骨修复与橄榄叶提取物的干预效应

目的:观察橄榄叶提取物对白陶土及鹿角菜胶诱导的大鼠骨关节炎组织炎症的预防作用及对关节软骨的修复作用。方法:试验于2005-11/12在大连医科大学中日合作医药科学研究所进行。实验动物:选择健康雄性SD大鼠80只。实验材料:受试物橄榄叶提取物[由日本国Eisai食品与化学有限公司(日本国东京市)提供]。实验分组及给药:按体质量将大鼠随机分为5组,每组16只。模型对照组,灌胃给予蒸馏水,消炎痛组,灌胃给予消炎痛2mg/kg体质量,其余3组为橄榄叶提取物组,分别给予橄榄叶提取物(活性成分为以羟基酪醇为主的多酚)25,50,100mg/kg体质量灌胃,连续5d。第1天给药后1h,采用白陶土与鹿角菜胶诱发大鼠单发亚急性关节炎。实验评估:①诱发关节炎后1,3,5d,用容积测量法测定每组8只大鼠的左右后肢足跖体积,计算肿胀度,并同时用游标卡尺测定其胫跗骨关节最大径。②诱发关节炎后第5天,测定大鼠足跖伊文思蓝含量。每组的另8只大鼠,在诱发关节炎第5天麻醉后处死,剪下右足跖做组织病理学检查,观察橄榄叶提取物对大鼠骨关节炎中组织炎症的预防作用及对关节软骨的修复作用。结果:80只大鼠全部进入结果分析。①足跖肿胀度及胫跗骨关节径:诱发关节炎后1,3,5d,橄榄叶提取物50mg/kg组和100mg/kg组大鼠的右后足跖肿胀度均明显小于模型对照组大鼠[1d:(46.7±4.2)%,(44.8±6.8)%,(52.5±4.0)%;3d:(40.4±4.8)%,(37.4±5.7)%,(45.0±2.9)%;5d:(34.5±4.8),(31.7±5.3)%,(40.4±4.0)%,P<0.05],橄榄叶提取物25mg/kg体质量组,50mg/kg体质量组,100mg/kg体质量组大鼠的右后胫跗骨关节径与模型对照组大鼠比较差异无显著性(P>0.05)。②足跖伊文思蓝含量:诱发关节炎后第5天,橄榄叶提取物50mg/kg,100mg/kg组大鼠的右后足跖伊文思蓝含量均明显小于模型对照组大鼠(P<0.05)。③组织病理学检查及评分:组织病理学检查可见,与模型对照组比较,橄榄叶提取物50mg/kg组,100mg/kg组大鼠骨关节炎中组织炎症浸润明显减少,软骨组织无破坏,且组织病理学评分也明显小于模型对照组(P<0.05)。结论:橄榄叶提取物在50mg/kg体质量及以上剂量能有效地预防白陶土与鹿角菜胶诱发的大鼠骨关节炎中组织炎症,且对软骨有修复作用。     

携带LacZ的腺病毒载体在牵引骨痂局部转染成纤维细胞和成骨细胞的表达

目的:利用小鼠胫骨牵引成骨动物模型,在牵引成骨过程中局部给予携带了LacZ的腺病毒载体后观察其表达情况,以探讨基因治疗促进骨折愈合的可行性。方法:实验于2004-10/2006-01在中南大学湘雅三医院完成。①实验分组:取雄性8周龄CD-1小鼠20只,随机数字表法分为实验组和对照组,每组各10只。②实验方法:所有小鼠接受左胫骨中上段骨干横行截骨安置特制延长外固定架,胫骨牵引过程包括5d静止期,10d牵引期,牵引速率为0.1mm/次,2次/d,共0.2mm/d。牵引期第7天实验组牵引骨痂局部注射5μL携带了LacZ的腺病毒载体,对照组局部注入等量未含LacZ腺病毒液。③实验评估:注射后第3天麻醉后杀取动物,采集左胫骨标本,分别作组织学检查和组织化学分析。结果:纳入小鼠20只,均进入结果分析。在牵引第10天,牵引骨痂中纤维间区形成,两端的新生骨由骨折两端中心生长延伸。骨髓腔内外可见大量新生骨形成。X-Gal底物染色显示,在实验组新生骨组织内可见大量细胞呈阳性染色;而对照组未发现阳性染色细胞。结论:在牵引成骨过程中,骨痂局部注射携带LacZ的腺病毒,能成功转染局部的成纤维细胞及成骨细胞,并表达LacZ基因,为临床应用基因治疗促进骨牵引延长或骨折愈合提供可行性。     

壳聚糖基因转移载体在关节软骨细胞中表达的定量分析

目的:壳聚糖作为基因转移的载体存在着转染效率的问题。实验对壳聚糖介导的报告基因增强型绿色荧光蛋白在关节软骨细胞中的基因表达效率进行定量分析。方法:实验于2005-09/2006-06在健康科学研究所骨科细胞与分子生物学实验室完成。①实验材料:壳聚糖购自Sigma公司;荧光质粒pEGFP-C3为Clontech公司产品;成年新西兰白兔2只。②实验分组:实验分为空白对照组(软骨细胞不转染)、裸质粒pEGFP-C3对照组和壳聚糖-pEGFP转染组。③实验过程:软骨细胞取自新西兰白兔的关节软骨。以多聚糖壳聚糖为载体,荧光质粒pEGFP-C3作为报告基因,利用高速震荡法制备壳聚糖-pEGFP超微颗粒,用制备的携带不同量(1,2,3,4,5μg)DNA的壳聚糖-pEGFP超微颗粒对软骨细胞进行体外转染。裸质粒pEGFP-C3对照组加入等量的DNA。④实验评估:光镜观察软骨细胞及壳聚糖-DNA超微颗粒的形态;荧光显微镜观察不同条件下绿色荧光蛋白的表达并进行定量分析。结果:①光镜下观察空白对照组,裸质粒pEGFP-C3对照组及壳聚糖-pEGFP转染组,软骨细胞形态均呈多角形,贴壁生长,增长活跃,转染组软骨细胞周围黏附有大量的球形小颗粒;制备的壳聚糖-DNA超微颗粒大小均匀,直径大约在150～300nm。②在壳聚糖-pEGFP超微颗粒转染的软骨细胞中观察到有绿色荧光蛋白的表达,且DNA含量在1～5μg范围内,细胞的转染效率和表达效率随颗粒包被的DNA量的增加而增加。结论:壳聚糖在关节基因转移中具有一定的体外DNA导入的功能,且随壳聚糖-pEGFP超微颗粒所携带的DNA量的增加转染效率和表达效率增加,经进一步研究它有望成为一种关节体内基因导入的有效工具。