全文获取类型
收费全文 | 19447篇 |
免费 | 1584篇 |
国内免费 | 572篇 |
专业分类
耳鼻咽喉 | 172篇 |
儿科学 | 307篇 |
妇产科学 | 556篇 |
基础医学 | 2527篇 |
口腔科学 | 405篇 |
临床医学 | 2146篇 |
内科学 | 4076篇 |
皮肤病学 | 234篇 |
神经病学 | 1195篇 |
特种医学 | 470篇 |
外国民族医学 | 3篇 |
外科学 | 2641篇 |
综合类 | 1486篇 |
现状与发展 | 3篇 |
一般理论 | 5篇 |
预防医学 | 1074篇 |
眼科学 | 748篇 |
药学 | 1588篇 |
6篇 | |
中国医学 | 572篇 |
肿瘤学 | 1389篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 35篇 |
2023年 | 225篇 |
2022年 | 461篇 |
2021年 | 689篇 |
2020年 | 453篇 |
2019年 | 491篇 |
2018年 | 568篇 |
2017年 | 504篇 |
2016年 | 494篇 |
2015年 | 670篇 |
2014年 | 804篇 |
2013年 | 926篇 |
2012年 | 1392篇 |
2011年 | 1495篇 |
2010年 | 887篇 |
2009年 | 719篇 |
2008年 | 1091篇 |
2007年 | 1098篇 |
2006年 | 1142篇 |
2005年 | 1118篇 |
2004年 | 919篇 |
2003年 | 787篇 |
2002年 | 771篇 |
2001年 | 538篇 |
2000年 | 530篇 |
1999年 | 481篇 |
1998年 | 187篇 |
1997年 | 193篇 |
1996年 | 159篇 |
1995年 | 113篇 |
1994年 | 111篇 |
1993年 | 77篇 |
1992年 | 206篇 |
1991年 | 188篇 |
1990年 | 165篇 |
1989年 | 146篇 |
1988年 | 117篇 |
1987年 | 112篇 |
1986年 | 91篇 |
1985年 | 62篇 |
1984年 | 43篇 |
1983年 | 31篇 |
1982年 | 45篇 |
1981年 | 39篇 |
1980年 | 35篇 |
1979年 | 36篇 |
1978年 | 32篇 |
1977年 | 19篇 |
1975年 | 20篇 |
1973年 | 14篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
181.
Hepatitis delta antigen (HDAg) of hepatitis delta virus (HDV) typically consists of two related protein species. The small HDAg (S-HDAg) is a 24-kDa protein of 195 amino acids and the large HDAg (L-HDAg) is a 27-kDa protein with an additional 19 amino acids at its C-terminus. These two proteins have distinct functions in the HDV life cycle. We have developed conditions for expressing S-HDAg and L-HDAg in E. coli as soluble proteins to facilitate large-scale purification. These proteins were purified to homogeneity and shown to be biologically active. Transfection of the purified recombinant S-HDAg together with HDV genomic RNA resulted in viral RNA replication. Surprisingly, the purified S-HDAg could not initiate replication from the antigenomic-sense HDV RNA, even though the latter led to RNA replication when transfected with an mRNA encoding the S-HDAg. These results suggest that initiation of HDV RNA synthesis from the antigenomic RNA may require a form of HDAg that is modified in mammalian cells; in contrast, RNA synthesis from the genomic RNA could be initiated by the recombinant S-HDAg from E. coli. Interestingly, the purified L-HDAg appeared as multiple protein species, including one corresponding to S-HDAg, probably as a result of degradation. The partially proteolyzed L-HDAg also initiated HDV RNA replication under the same conditions. These results add to the mounting evidence that genomic- and antigenomic-strand HDV RNA syntheses are carried out by different mechanisms. 相似文献
182.
183.
Tissue distribution of restricted leukocyte common antigens. A comprehensive study with protein- and carbohydrate-specific CD45R antibodies 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
R Lai L Visser S Poppema 《Laboratory investigation; a journal of technical methods and pathology》1991,64(6):844-854
A panel of monoclonal antibodies, specific for either protein or carbohydrate components of the leukocyte common antigen (LCA), were used to characterize the expression pattern of different variants of this antigen complex. Immunohistochemical and flow cytometric analysis was carried out on human lymphoid tissues from different anatomical compartments. We found that variations in terminal sialic acid or O-linked sugar moieties were associated with drastic differences in reactivity with some of the CD45R antibodies. For example, the carbohydrate determinants recognized by MT2 (CD45RA) and 2B11 (CD45) were not or were very weakly expressed on germinal center cells, whereas the carbohydrate determinant recognized by MT3 (CD45RB) was not expressed on the majority of mantle zone B cells. On the other hand, KiB3 (CD45RA) reacted with a protein determinant that is normally only exposed on mantle zone B cells but can be uncovered on marginal zone B cells and the CD45RA-positive T-cell subpopulation by enzymatic treatment. The findings suggest that differential biosynthesis and expression of the carbohydrate components of LCA are important mechanisms to generate additional LCA heterogeneity. Similar to the differential usage of the variable region, the exact carbohydrate composition is also linked to the stage of cell development. Heterogeneity in carbohydrate composition of the extracellular domain of LCA appears to enable interactions with different ligands, thereby holding the key to the regulation of LCA cytoplasmic tyrosine phosphatase activity. 相似文献
184.
Tohru Kawai Hiroki Narita Juin-yih Lai Gotthold Ebert 《Macromolecular chemistry and physics.》1986,187(4):871-888
The permeability of some poly(?-amino acid) (PAA) membranes like such of poly(N,δ-carbobenzoxy-L -lysine) (PCBL), poly(N,δ-carbobenzoxy-L -ornithine) (PCBO) as well as of copolymers of L -lysine and carbobenzoxy-L -lysine to oxygen and carbon dioxide were determined at different water content especially with regard to their use for artificial lungs. The conformations of these polymer membranes were studied by means of IR-spectra and X-ray diffraction. The results on the diffusion coefficient obtained for PCBL and PCBO were analysed in terms of Eyring's theory. They suggest that the microvoids in the interstices between the α-helices, assumed on the basis of X-ray analyses, play an important role, especially below the glass transition temperature Tg of the side-chains. This seems also to contribute partly to the diffusion of gas through the membrane even above Tg and results in an abnormally high “apparent activation energy” of diffusion in the wet state below Tg. It was found that the permeability of the membrane of partially decarbobenzoxylated PCBL for oxygen in a certain temperature range is higher than that for carbon dioxide. This has never been observed for any other synthetic polymer, because usually carbon dioxide has a higher solubility in these materials than oxygen. In the case of the partially decarbobenzoxylated PCBL membranes, however, the diffusion coefficient of carbon dioxide, and therefore the permeation of this gas, decreases much more than that of oxygen with increasing decarbobenzoxylation accompanied by the formation of β-structure and concomitantly the formation of intermolecular hydrogen bonds. Obviously, this phenomenon may be responsible for the permselectivity of these membranes for oxygen compared with carbon dioxide. 相似文献
185.
Lu L Peter SJ Lyman MD Lai HL Leite SM Tamada JA Uyama S Vacanti JP Langer R Mikos AG 《Biomaterials》2000,21(18):1837-1845
This study investigated the in vitro degradation of porous poly(DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) foams during a 20-week period in pH 7.4 phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at 37 degrees C and their in vivo degradation following implantation in rat mesentery for up to 8 weeks. Three types of PLGA 85 : 15 and three types of 50 : 50 foams were fabricated using a solvent-casting, particulate-leaching technique. The two types had initial salt weight fraction of 80 and 90%, and a salt particle size of 106-150 microm, while the third type had 90% initial weight fraction of salt in the size range 0-53 microm. The porosities of the resulting foams were 0.82, 0.89, and 0.85 for PLGA 85 : 15, and 0.73, 0.87, and 0.84 for PLGA 50 : 50 foams, respectively. The corresponding median pore diameters were 30, 50, and 17 microm for PLGA 85: 15, and 19, 17, and 17 microm for PLGA 50 : 50. The in vitro and in vivo degradation kinetics of PLGA 85: 15 foams were independent of pore morphology with insignificant variation in foam weight, thickness, pore distribution, compressive creep behavior, and morphology during degradation. The in vitro foam half-lives based on the weight average molecular weight were 11.1 +/- 1.8 (80%, 106-150 microm), 12.0 +/- 2.0 (90%, 106-150 microm), and 11.6 +/- 1.3 (90%, 0-53 microm) weeks, similar to the corresponding values of 9.4 +/- 2.2, 14.3 +/- 1.5, and 13.7 +/- 3.3 weeks for in vivo degradation. In contrast, all PLGA 50 : 50 foams exhibited significant change in foam weight, water absorption, and pore distribution after 6-8 weeks of incubation with PBS. The in vitro foam half-lives were 3.3 +/- 0.3 (80%, 106-150 microm), 3.0 +/- 0.3 (90%, 106-150 microm), and 3.2 +/- 0.1 (90%, 0-53 microm) weeks, and the corresponding in vivo half-lives were 1.9 micro 0.1, 2.2 +/- 0.2, and 2.4 +/- 0.2 weeks. The significantly shorter half-lives of PLGA 50: 50 compared to 85: 15 foams indicated their faster degradation both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, PLGA 50: 50 foams exhibited significantly faster degradation in vivo as compared to in vitro conditions due to an autocatalytic effect of the accumulated acidic degradation products in the medium surrounding the implants. These results suggest that the polymer composition and environmental conditions have significant effects on the degradation rate of porous PLGA foams. 相似文献
186.
The outer membrane of Pasteurella multocida 3:A protects rabbits against homologous challenge. 总被引:1,自引:2,他引:1 下载免费PDF全文
The protective efficacy of a vaccine purified from the Pasteurella multocida 3:A outer membrane (OM) was evaluated in rabbits by homologous challenge. Twenty-seven rabbits were divided into four groups: 1, vaccinated with OM and challenged; 2, nonvaccinated and challenged; 3, vaccinated with OM only; and 4, nonvaccinated and not challenged. Rabbits were immunized intranasally with 1 mg of OM protein on days 0, 7, 14, and 35, challenged intranasally on day 49, and killed on day 63. Mortality rates were 0, 67, 0, and 0% for groups 1 through 4, respectively. The prevalence of pneumonia was reduced from 73 (group 2) to 20% (group 1). The severity of pneumonia was reduced from 0.62 (group 2) to 0.07 (group 1), as measured by the group lesion index. The number of P. multocida in nasal cavities was reduced from 3.89 x 10(5) (group 2) to 6.19 x 10(2) (group 1). The geometric mean number of P. multocida in lungs was 8,360,000-fold less in group 1 than in group 2. Similarly, the prevalence of P. multocida colonization in nonrespiratory organs was reduced from 47 (group 2) to 4% (group 1). Furthermore, group 1 and 3 rabbits developed significantly elevated immunoglobulin A antibodies in nasal secretions and lung lavages and significantly elevated immunoglobulin G antibodies in lung lavages and sera. In addition, rabbit immune sera contained antibodies against P. multocida OM proteins and lipopolysaccharides and inhibited P. multocida proliferation in mouse lungs. These results indicate that a vaccine prepared from the OM of P. multocida provides a significant protection in rabbits against homologous challenge. 相似文献
187.
In a series of experiments, we investigated the effects of pulsed low-level microwave irradiation on amphetamine-induced hyperthermia in the rat. Rats were irradiated in a 2,450-MHz cylindrical waveguide exposure system at 1 mW/cm2, 2 s pulses, 500 pps, average SAR of 0.6 W/kg. Acute (45 min) exposure to microwaves attenuated amphetamine-induced hyperthermia. This effect was blocked by pretreatment of the animals with the narcotic antagonist naloxone. In another experiment, rats were subjected to ten daily sessions of microwave exposure (45 min/session). On day 11, amphetamine-induced hyperthermia was studied in the animals immediately after a session of either microwave or sham exposure. Similar to the acute effect, amphetamine-induced hyperthermia was attenuated in rats irradiated with microwaves (unconditioned effect). In the sham-irradiated animals we observed a potentiation of the amphetamine-induced hyperthermia, which was a conditioned effect of microwaves. Thus, the conditioned effect (potentiation) was opposite in direction to the unconditioned effect (attenuation). No tolerance developed to the unconditioned effect after subchronic exposure. Furthermore, both conditioned and unconditioned effects of microwaves on amphetamine-induced hyperthermia could be blocked by treatment with naloxone. These data suggest that (1) microwave irradiation may activate endogenous opioids, which in turn alter the actions of psychoactive drugs, and (2) the effect of microwaves on drug action can be classically conditioned.
Offprint requests to: H. Lai 相似文献
188.
Chen Du Megan Chong Hueh Zan Min Jung Cho Jenifer I. Fenton Pao Ying Hsiao Richard Hsiao Laura Keaver Chang-Chi Lai HeeSoon Lee Mary-Jon Ludy Wan Shen Winnie Chee Siew Swee Jyothi Thrivikraman Kuo-Wei Tseng Wei-Chin Tseng Stephen Doak Sara Yi Ling Folk Robin M. Tucker 《Nutrients》2021,13(2)
Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has increased the already high levels of stress that higher education students experience. Stress influences health behaviors, including those related to dietary behaviors, alcohol, and sleep; yet the effects of stress can be mitigated by resilience. To date, past research studying the connections between dietary behaviors, alcohol misuse, sleep, and resilience commonly investigated singular relationships between two of the constructs. The aim of the current study was to explore the relationships between these constructs in a more holistic manner using mediation and moderation analyses. Methods: Higher education students from China, Ireland, Malaysia, South Korea, Taiwan, the Netherlands, and the United States were enrolled in a cross-sectional study from April to May 2020, which was during the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic for most participants. An online survey, using validated tools, was distributed to assess perceived stress, dietary behaviors, alcohol misuse, sleep quality and duration, and resilience. Results: 2254 students completed the study. Results indicated that sleep quality mediated the relationship between perceived stress and dietary behaviors as well as the relationship between perceived stress and alcohol misuse. Further, increased resilience reduced the strength of the relationship between perceived stress and dietary behaviors but not alcohol misuse. Conclusion: Based on these results, higher education students are likely to benefit from sleep education and resilience training, especially during stressful events. 相似文献
189.
Jian Zhang Ai Zhao Shiyun Lai Qingbin Yuan Xiaojiang Jia Peiyu Wang Yumei Zhang 《Nutrients》2021,13(5)
Our knowledge related to human milk proteins is still limited. The present study determined the changes in multiple human milk proteins during the first six months of lactation, investigated the influencing factors of milk proteins, and explored the impact of milk proteins on infant growth. A total of 105 lactating women and their full-term infants from China were prospectively surveyed in this research. Milk samples were collected at 1–5 days, 8–14 days, 1 month, and 6 months postpartum. Concentrations of total protein and α-lactalbumin were measured in all milk samples, and concentrations of lactoferrin, osteopontin, total casein, β-casein, αs−1 casein, and κ-casein were measured in milk from 51 individuals using ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The concentration of measured proteins in the milk decreased during the first six months of postpartum (p-trend < 0.001). Maternal age, mode of delivery, maternal education, and income impacted the longitudinal changes in milk proteins (p-interaction < 0.05). Concentrations of αs−1 casein in milk were inversely associated with the weight-for-age Z-scores of the infants (1 m: r −0.29, p 0.038; 6 m: r −0.33, p 0.020). In conclusion, the concentration of proteins in milk decreased over the first six months postpartum, potentially influenced by maternal demographic and delivery factors. Milk protein composition may influence infant weights. 相似文献
190.
Gabriela E. Leghi Merryn J. Netting Ching T. Lai Ardra Narayanan Michael Dymock Alethea Rea Mary E. Wlodek Donna T. Geddes Beverly S. Muhlhausler 《Nutrients》2021,13(6)
Maternal diet has the potential to affect human milk (HM) composition, but very few studies have directly assessed the effect of maternal diets on HM composition. The primary aim of this study was to assess the effect of improving dietary quality in lactating women over 2 weeks on the concentrations of macronutrients and metabolic hormones in HM. The secondary aims were to assess the impact of the dietary intervention on 24 h milk production, maternal body composition and infant growth. Fifteen women completed a 1-week baseline period followed by a 2-week dietary intervention phase targeted towards reducing fat and sugar intake. Maternal anthropometric and body composition and infant growth measurements were performed weekly. Total 24 h milk production was measured before and after the dietary intervention, and HM samples were collected daily. Maternal intakes of energy (−33%), carbohydrate (−22%), sugar (−29%), fat (−54%) and saturated fat (−63%) were significantly reduced during the dietary intervention. HM insulin, leptin and adiponectin concentrations were 10–25% lower at the end of the dietary intervention, but HM concentrations of macronutrients were unaffected. Maternal body weight (−1.8%) and fat mass (−6.3%) were significantly reduced at the end of the dietary intervention, but there were no effects on 24 h milk production or infant growth. These results suggest that reducing maternal energy, carbohydrate, fat and sugar intake over a 2-week period is associated with significant reductions in HM insulin, leptin and adiponectin concentrations. These changes may be secondary to decreases in maternal weight and fat mass. The limited studies to date that have investigated the association between metabolic hormone concentrations in HM and infant growth raise the possibility that the changes in HM composition observed in the current study could impact infant growth and adiposity, but further studies are required to confirm this hypothesis. 相似文献