Impact of psychometrically defined deficits of executive functioning in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

OBJECTIVE: The association between deficits in executive functioning and functional outcomes was examined among adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHOD: Subjects were adults who did (N=213) and did not (N=145) meet DSM-IV criteria for ADHD. The authors defined having deficits in executive functioning as having at least two measures of executive functioning with scores 1.5 standard deviations below those of matched comparison subjects. RESULTS: Significantly more adults with ADHD had deficits of executive functioning than comparison subjects. Deficits of executive functioning were associated with lower academic achievement, irrespective of ADHD status. Subjects with ADHD with deficits of executive functioning had a significantly lower socioeconomic status and a significant functional morbidity beyond the diagnosis of ADHD alone. CONCLUSIONS: Psychometrically defined deficits of executive functioning may help identify a subgroup of adults with ADHD at high risk for occupational and academic underachievement. More efforts are needed to identify cost-effective approaches to screen individuals with ADHD for deficits of executive functioning.     

Resolution of cluster headache after closure of an anterior communicating artery aneurysm: the role of pericarotid sympathetic fibres

We report the case of a patient suffering from migraine without aura since childhood who, at the age of 58 years, developed cluster headache (CH) attacks. This second type of headache was related to an aneurysm of the anterior communicating artery (ACoA) whose bursting caused subarachnoid haemorrhage. The aneurysm's clipping made the cluster headache subside and there was no recurrence for almost four years. However, nine months after haemorrhage, the patient experienced new migraine without aura attacks. As a pathogenetic interpretation of this secondary cluster headache, we discuss the possible role of pericarotid sympathetic nerves in cluster headache attacks. We suggest that the surgical dissection of the pericarotid sympathetic fibres could prevent the onset of the cluster headache attacks by cutting part of the circuit underlying it.     

Regional diastolic function by tissue Doppler echocardiography in systemic sclerosis: correlation with clinical variables

The incidence of left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction is increased in systemic sclerosis (SSc), while systolic dysfunction is present in a small percentage of patients. The aim of this study was to asses the LV “regional” diastolic abnormalities in SSc patients by the mean of Doppler tissue imaging (DTI). Echocardiographic echo-Doppler (DE) and DTI parameters were analyzed for 67 SSc patients: abnormal E/A ratio at DE was detected in 24, while abnormal e/a at DTI was observed in 41. A significant prevalence of DTI diastolic abnormalities in the segments reflecting longitudinal versus those reflecting radial LV motion was found. The segments of the basal regions of LV myocardium were significantly more involved than those of the middle portion. Linear correlation was observed between the extent of the diastolic abnormalities and the duration of disease. Longitudinal myocardial systolic velocities were significantly reduced in patients with abnormal e/a DTI.     

Characterization of 10 polymorphic microsatellite loci in the South American lizard Liolaemus fitzingerii with cross-amplification in L. chehuachekenk

We describe the characterization of ten polymorphic microsatellite loci from the Liolaemus fitzingerii species complex with cross-amplification for nine of the 10 loci in L. chehuachekenk. The number of alleles within L. fitzingerii ranged from 7 to 24 and the observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.311 to 0.956 for 45 individuals. Nine of the ten loci conformed to Hardy?CWeinberg equilibrium and we did not detect linkage disequilibrium between loci in L. fitzingerii. Cross-species amplification in L. chehuachekenk was successful for nine of the ten loci with polymorphisms detected for each successfully amplified locus. These microsatellite loci are the first developed for the Eulaemus clade of the genus, and will aid in both ongoing and future studies focusing on gene flow, historical divergence and population structure within the Liolaemus fitzingerii species complex.     

Individual and Contextual-Level Factors Associated with Continuity of Care for Adults with Schizophrenia

This retrospective cohort study examined rates of conformance to continuity of care treatment guidelines and factors associated with conformance for persons with schizophrenia. Subjects were 8,621 adult Ohio Medicaid recipients, aged 18–64, treated for schizophrenia in 2004. Information on individual-level (demographic and clinical characteristics) and contextual-level variables (county socio-demographic, economic, and health care resources) were abstracted from Medicaid claim files and the Area Resource File. Outcome measures captured four dimensions of continuity of care: (1) regularity of care; (2) transitions; (3) care coordination, and (4) treatment engagement. Multilevel modeling was used to assess the association between individual and contextual-level variables and the four continuity of care measures. The results indicated that conformance rates for continuity of care for adults with schizophrenia are below recommended guidelines and that variations in continuity of care are associated with both individual and contextual-level factors. Efforts to improve continuity of care should target high risk patient groups (racial/ethnic minorities, the dually diagnosed, and younger adults with early onset psychosis), as well as community-level risk factors (provider supply and geographic barriers of rural counties) that impede access to care.     

Endovascular treatment of cerebral aneurysms in elderly patients

We report our experience in the endovascular treatment with detachable platinum coils of ruptured or symptomatic unruptured cerebral aneurysms in 61 patients aged 70–82 years. Complete occlusion was achieved in 38, subtotal in 17 and partial in one. The treatment failed in five patients. Clinical follow-up was performed in all patients for 8 months to 8 years. No bleeding occurred during the follow-up period. Outcome was favourable in 63% of the patients. When we compared the outcome of elderly patients with those of younger age endovascularly treated in the same period of time, we found a significantly higher frequency of poorer outcome in the elderly group (²=9.084; P=0.011). The frequency of favourable outcome in the elderly was significantly lower than in the younger group for H–H IV–V (²=9.299; P=0.010). The most important factor influencing the outcome was not age itself, but primary clinical condition on admission. The therapy of symptomatic aneurysms in elderly patients should not be purely conservative—a direct approach of the aneurysm should be considered. Endovascular treatment whenever possible seems to be a good alternative to surgery.     

Doctor-patient relationship barriers to substance dependents seeking treatment

INTRODUCTION: Knowing the barriers substance dependents come across when seeking treatment has medical and public health implications. The study's aim was to formulate hypothesis on psychological and social and familiar variables forming subjective barriers to early treatment. METHODS: A qualitative exploratory study was conducted in an intentional sample (selected through saturation and variety of types) of 13 substance dependents who sought treatment. In-depth open-question semi-structured interviews were conducted and the transcribed data underwent qualitative analysis. RESULTS: The main barriers in doctor-patient relationship were fear of doctors and facilities which are regarded as "sadistic," and the perception of doctor-patient "distancing." CONCLUSIONS: Health care professionals should take into consideration the existence of barriers to treatment and should bear this in mind when promoting their services. Issues such as "fear of being abused" and "doctors wouldn't know how to treat me" should be covered in structured questionnaires of further quantitative studies.