美国整合卫生保健主要做法及启示

随着人口老龄的快速发展、慢性病负担逐步加重,居民对综合、协调、连续、安全、可及的卫生保健服务需求日益增加。整合卫生保健有助于提高卫生保健服务的可及性、公平性、效率和患者满意度。文章梳理美国在整合卫生保健领域的做法,总结特点和成效,提出中国开展整合卫生保健的建议。     

Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus as an experimental model system to study the mechanism of blood–brain barrier disruption

Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus is a widely used model to study the initiation and progression of multiple sclerosis. Many researchers have used this model to investigate how the immune system and genetic factors contribute to the disease process. Current research has highlighted the importance of cytotoxic CD8 T cells and specific major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I alleles. Our lab has adopted this concept to create a novel mouse model to study the mechanism of blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption, an integral feature of numerous neurological disorders. We have demonstrated that epitope-specific CD8 T cells cause disruption of the tight junction architecture and ensuing CNS vascular permeability in the absence of neutrophil support. This CD8 T cell-initiated BBB disruption is dependent on perforin expression. We have also elucidated a potential role for hematopoietic factors in this process. Despite having identical MHC class I molecules, similar inflammation in the CNS, and equivalent ability to utilize perforin, C57BL/6 mice are highly susceptible to this condition, while 129 SvIm mice are resistant. This susceptibility is transferable with the bone marrow compartment. These findings led us to conduct a comprehensive genetic analysis which has revealed a list of candidate genes implicated in regulating traits associated with BBB disruption. Future studies will continue to define the underlying molecular mechanism of CD8 T cell-initiated BBB disruption and may assist in the development of potential therapeutic approaches to ameliorate pathology associated with BBB disruption in neurological disorders.     

α-Hederin inhibits the growth of lung cancer A549 cells in vitro and in vivo by decreasing SIRT6 dependent glycolysis

Abstract

Context

α-Hederin, a potent bioactive compound of Pulsatilla chinensis (Bunge) Regel (Ranunculaceae), has many pharmacological uses, but its effect on cancer cell metabolism is still unclear.     

国内儿童应用托吡酯安全性的文献分析

目的了解国内儿童应用托吡酯的不良反应（ADR）发生情况及其相关因素。方法计算机检索中国知网（CNKI）文献数据库,收集国内关于抗癫痫药物托吡酯用于儿童的临床研究文献,由2位研究者采用统一的资料提取表格,提取纳入文献中ADR病例的原患疾病,托吡酯用药剂量,ADR病例的性别及年龄,ADR出现时间、类型、处理及转归等资料。对儿童应用托吡酯导致的ADR及其相关因素采用SPSS16.0统计学软件进行数据分析。结果经文献检索,最终符合本研究纳入标准的关于儿童托吡酯ADR的研究文献共计22篇,关于托吡酯疗效的研究文献共计110篇,共计纳入13 011例患儿,其中2 771例发生ADR,ADR发生率为21.3%。关于托吡酯ADR的研究中,55.1%的ADR涉及神经及精神系统（泌汗障碍、影响自主神经功能等）,34.5%涉及内分泌系统（影响骨代谢及生长发育等）;关于托吡酯疗效的研究文献报道的ADR中,35.2%涉及神经及精神系统（出汗减少、记忆力下降、注意力不集中、头昏等）,27.1%涉及消化系统（食欲下降、胃肠道反应等）,19.5%为全身反应（体质量下降、发热等）。99.6%的儿童应用托吡酯发生的ADR的严重程度为Ⅲ-Ⅳ级,多数在降低托吡酯剂量或停药后症状减轻。结论本研究纳入的132篇关于儿童应用托吡酯发生ADR的研究文献中,均未提示重大ADR发生,但由于受到研究设计和样本量局限,同时,纳入本研究的关于ADR的文献,均存在关键信息不完整、研究报告质量欠佳等情况,因此建议进一步对儿童应用托吡酯开展上市后循证再研究及再评价,以确保临床用药安全。儿童应用托吡酯治疗导致的ADR及药物安全性问题,有待以后高质量、大样本、多中心的随机对照研究进一步证实。     

二维码技术在我院PIVAS管理信息系统中的应用

目的:提高我院静脉药物配置中心(PIVAS)信息管理水平,并为PIVAS中的条形码设计与发展提供参考。方法:在我院原有的医院资源管理平台上,以二维码技术代替原来的一维码用于PIVAS的信息管理系统,并介绍其功能作用及应用效果。结果与结论:二维码技术可用于PIVAS信息管理系统中的输液标签生成、输液记费、输液出仓核对、输液数量统计等功能中,不但信息存储量大,而且运行稳定、操作简易,在提高PIVAS工作效率、减少人为因素导致的差错的同时,也为PIVAS今后的电子信息扩充提供了有力保障,值得推广。     

脑出血急性期常规生化指标对脑出血预后的临床价值

目的:探讨脑出血急性期常规生化指标水平预测患者预后的临床价值。方法:选取135例脑出血急性期患者,100例治愈和好转为有效组,35治疗无效和死亡为无效组,同时选取本院50例健康体检人群作为对照组,分别测定三组对象的血脂、血尿酸,并进行分析比较。结果:无效组HDL-C较对照组、有效组明显降低,有效组LDL-C较无效组和对照组明显升高,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05),三组对象TC及TG无显著差异。无效组UA明显高于有效组和对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:高水平HDL-C及高尿酸是引起脑出血急性期患者不良转归的预测因素,而LDL-C水平增高对于脑出血患者的预后可能有良好的促进作用,检测这些生化指标对预测患者出血转归有重要临床价值,同时可指导临床有针对性地提供预防措施,以改善患者预后。     

Fatal poisoning by terbufos following occupational exposure

Context: Terbufos (TBF) is a class Ia (extremely hazardous) organophosphate pesticide (OP) and its distribution in industrialized countries has been severely restricted. Thus, acute occupational poisoning is rather uncommon. However, it still occurs in rural areas of some developing countries, where the sale of TBF is not controlled and its use is thus not properly regulated. We report a case of a 43-year-old female farmer who died after applying TBF granules.

Case: The patient died within 3?h after applying 20 bags of 5% TBF granules (900?g per bag). Investigation showed that her personal protective equipment (PPE) did not provide effective protection against dermal and inhalational exposure. Postmortem analysis revealed extremely low red blood cell acetylcholinesterase activity. Toxicological analysis of TBF showed 1.45?×?10^?2?μg/ml in the heart blood and 0.17?μg/g in the liver.

Discussions: This patient died as a result of toxicity from dermal and inhalational exposure to TBF. Over-application, improper equipment, inadequate and defective PPE, and lack of hygienic precautions were all contributing factors.

Conclusions: TBF is a highly toxic OP. Inadequate regulatory control, improper environmental application, and ineffective PPE resulted in a fatal human exposure.     

Individualized diet care for patients scheduled for transurethral resection of the prostate and with diabetes

目的 提高经尿道前列腺电切术(TURP)并存糖尿病患者的血糖控制效果,降低手术风险,缩短住院时间.方法 根据入院日单双将106例TURP并存糖尿病患者分为观察组(单日入院者,62例)和对照组(双日入院者,44例).对照组按常规进行饮食护理；观察组患者在常规护理的基础上,依据患者身高、理想体质量、BMI(体重指数)、手术创伤应激及术后伤口修复额外所需营养制定饮食处方,并实施个体化饮食护理.结果 观察组术后第2天、第5天、第8天空腹血糖和餐后2h血糖及术后血尿时间、住院时间显著低于和短于对照组(均P＜0.01).结论 个体化饮食护理能提高患者的血糖控制效果,缩短术后血尿时间及住院时间,体现了以患者为中心的护理理念.