Experimental dilatation of the cecum and colon in rats. II. Reversion after induction by the continuous administration of lactose

Fifty female Wistar weanling rats were fed a laboratory diet containing lactose (25 g/100 g of the final mixture) during 28 days. Following this period the lactose was substituted isocalorically by saccharose (25 g/100 g of the final mixture) and the diet given to the animals for 21 days. Thirty control rats of the same sex and weight received a laboratory diet containing saccharose (25 g/100 g of diet) during 49 days. The animals were weighed weekly. Subgroups of experimental and control rats were sacrificed at days 28, 30, 32, 35, 42 and 49. Rats given a diet containing lactose showed restriction of body weight gain. Upon rehabilitation the body weight of these animals increased rapidly. The external volume of the cecum and colon showed a significant increase during the 28-day period. After nutritional rehabilitation this change reduced gradually, beginning in the first week. Although the weight of the cecum reduced gradually during the rehabilitation period, the values were slightly augmented at day 49 as compared to controls. In conclusion, in the conditions of the present study, the consequences on the cecum and colon of adding lactose to the diet of rats are not persistent.     

Neural Mechanisms and Delayed Gastric Emptying of Liquid Induced Through Acute Myocardial Infarction in Rats

Background

In pathological situations, such as acute myocardial infarction, disorders of motility of the proximal gut can trigger symptoms like nausea and vomiting. Acute myocardial infarction delays gastric emptying (GE) of liquid in rats.

Objective

Investigate the involvement of the vagus nerve, α 1-adrenoceptors, central nervous system GABA_B receptors and also participation of paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus in GE and gastric compliance (GC) in infarcted rats.

Methods

Wistar rats, N = 8-15 in each group, were divided as INF group and sham (SH) group and subdivided. The infarction was performed through ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. GC was estimated with pressure-volume curves. Vagotomy was performed by sectioning the dorsal and ventral branches. To verify the action of GABA_B receptors, baclofen was injected via icv (intracerebroventricular). Intravenous prazosin was used to produce chemical sympathectomy. The lesion in the PVN of the hypothalamus was performed using a 1mA/10s electrical current and GE was determined by measuring the percentage of gastric retention (% GR) of a saline meal.

Results

No significant differences were observed regarding GC between groups; vagotomy significantly reduced % GR in INF group; icv treatment with baclofen significantly reduced %GR. GABA_B receptors were not conclusively involved in delaying GE; intravenous treatment with prazosin significantly reduced GR% in INF group. PVN lesion abolished the effect of myocardial infarction on GE.

Conclusion

Gastric emptying of liquids induced through acute myocardial infarction in rats showed the involvement of the vagus nerve, alpha1- adrenergic receptors and PVN.     

Clinical studies in restorative dentistry: New directions and new demands

Clinical research of restorative materials is confounded by problems of study designs, length of trials, type of information collected, and costs for trials, despite increasing numbers and considerable development of trials during the past 50 years. This opinion paper aims to discuss advantages and disadvantages of different study designs and outcomes for evaluating survival of dental restorations and to make recommendations for future study designs. Advantages and disadvantages of randomized trials, prospective and retrospective longitudinal studies, practice-based, pragmatic and cohort studies are addressed and discussed. The recommendations of the paper are that clinical trials should have rational control groups, include confounders such as patient risk factors in the data and analysis and should use outcome parameters relevant for profession and patients.     

Acrylamides and methacrylamides as alternative monomers for dental adhesives

Objective

Synthesize and characterize a methacrylamide monomer for adhesive system and evaluate the physicochemical properties of the adhesive resin.

Alkyl trimethyl ammonium bromide for the formulation of antibacterial orthodontic resins

Clinical Oral Investigations - This study aimed at formulating antibacterial orthodontic resins containing alkyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (ATAB) and evaluating their physicochemical and...     

The effect of antimicrobial agents on bond strength of orthodontic adhesives: a meta‐analysis of in vitro studies

Antimicrobial orthodontic adhesives aim to reduce white spot lesions' incidence in orthodontic patients, but they should not jeopardizing its properties. Systematic review and meta‐analysis were performed to answer the question whether the association of antimicrobial agents with orthodontic adhesives compromises its mechanical properties and whether there is a superior antimicrobial agent. PubMed and Scopus databases. In vitro studies comparing shear bond strength of conventional photo‐activated orthodontic adhesives to antimicrobial photo‐activated orthodontic adhesives were considered eligible. Search terms included the following: orthodontics, orthodontic, antimicrobial, antibacterial, bactericidal, adhesive, resin, resin composite, bonding agent, bonding system, and bond strength. The searches yielded 494 citations, which turned into 467 after duplicates were discarded. Titles and abstracts were read and 13 publications were selected for full‐text reading. Twelve studies were included in the meta‐analysis. The global analysis showed no statistically significant difference between control and experimental groups. In the subgroup analysis, only the chlorhexidine subgroup showed a statistically significant difference, where the control groups had higher bond strength than the experimental groups. Many studies on in vitro orthodontic bond strength fail to report test conditions that could affect their outcomes. The pooled in vitro data suggest that adding an antimicrobial agent to an orthodontic adhesive system does not influence bond strength to enamel. It is not possible to state which antimicrobial agent is better to be associated.     

Knowledge of the patients regarding leprosy and adherence to treatment

Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. It is known for its great disfiguring capacity and is considered an extremely serious disease to public health worldwide. The state of Ceará ranks 13th in number of cases of leprosy in Brazil, and fourth in Northeastern region, with an average of 2,149 new cases diagnosed every year. This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge of leprosy patients regarding treatment, and to assess the level of treatment adherence and its possible barriers. The study was conducted in the reference center for dermatology, from September 2010 to October 2010, in Fortaleza, Ceará. The study data were collected by means of a structured interview, along with the Morisky-Green test, in order to assess treatment adherence and barriers to adherence. A total of 70 patients were interviewed, out of whom 66 were new cases. The majority of patients were between 42 and 50 years old, and 37 (52.9%) were male. Most patients were clinically classified as presenting multibacillary leprosy (80%), and 78.6% of them were from Fortaleza, Brazil. The Morisky-Green test indicated that 62.9% of patients presented a low level of adherence (p < 0.005), despite claiming to aware of the disease risks. However, it was observed that 57.1% of the patients had no difficulty adhering to treatment, while 38.6% reported little difficulty. This study shows that despite the patients claiming to be familiar with leprosy and its treatment, the Morisky-Green test clearly demonstrated that they actually were not aware of the principles of therapy, which is evidenced by the low degree of treatment adherence.     

Gastric emptying in premature newborns with acute respiratory distress

OBJECTIVES: The authors hypothesized that acute respiratory distress (ARD) delays gastric emptying. The objective was to test this hypothesis by assessing gastric emptying on the second and seventh days of life in premature infants with ARD resulting from pulmonary disease. METHODS: Thirty-nine newborns with ARD starting on the first day of life were selected and paired with 39 healthy control newborns matched by weight (within 250 g). Gestational age was 相似文献