Lithium for irritability in Post-Traumatic stress disorder

Irritability is often a problem for patients with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). We describe two cases that illustrate the use of lithium in the treatment of veterans with PTSD who complained of serious problems with irritability or angry outbursts. These cases are discussed in the context of evidence that lithium may be useful in other patients with disorders of impulse control. The evidence linking disorders of anger and impulse control to a dysregulation in neurotransmitter regulation, particularly in serotonergic pathways, supports a psychopharmacologic approach to treatment. These findings should lead to further study of the role of lithium in the treatment of this symptom complex in patients with PTSD.     

Piracetam and fipexide prevent PTZ-kindling-provoked amnesia in rats

Deficit in active and inhibitory avoidance behaviour has been found in pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-kindled rats. This supports the view that memory deficit is an integral part of epilepsy. In the present study we examined the effect of the nootropic drugs piracetam and fipexide on memory deficit induced by PTZ-kindling in shuttle-box- and step-down-trained rats. The retention in piracetam- and fipexide-treated animals was significantly improved compared to the kindled controls. The mechanisms of action of the two drugs are considered. The favourable effects of nootropic drugs in cases of amnesia provoked by PTZ-kindling might be of interest in clinical practice.     

Use of Vicryl (polyglactin 910) mesh to limit epidural scar formation after laminectomy

A variety of substances have been used at laminectomy sites to prevent postoperative epidural scarring. Free grafts of autologous subcutaneous fat are commonly used both clinically and experimentally. The free fat grafts usually survive, but decrease in size by about 50%. Postoperatively, subcutaneous seroma has been observed with the use of fat grafts, as well as recurrent symptoms of neural compression by the graft that required additional operations. When compared to the use of free grafts after laminectomy in dogs, Vicryl mesh produced slightly more scarring, but consistently less than that observed in control animals. The Vicryl mesh was resorbed by a minimal chronic inflammatory response over about 45 days. Seven of 11 fat-grafted zones showed signs of necrosis, at times with a greater collection of inflammatory cells than that associated with the Vicryl mesh. Of the 4 fat-grafted zones that showed good survival, 2 had gross evidence of neural compression. No surgical zone treated with Vicryl mesh exhibited evidence of neural compression. In view of these results, the use of Vicryl mesh at laminectomy sites may be a safer method of limiting postoperative epidural scar formation.     

Enhancement of sperm motility by bradykinin and kinin analogs

Washed human spermatozoa were incubated with different concentrations of bradykinin, des-arg9-bradykinin, and Ile-Ser-bradykinin (T-kinin). Bradykinin significantly increased the total motility of human spermatozoa at a very low concentration (10(-9) M corresponding to about 1 ng/ml). Enhancement of sperm motility was dependent on the bradykinin concentration, and the effect showed saturation at concentrations above 10(-8) M bradykinin (i.e., sperm motility does not increase further with increasing bradykinin concentration). In the concentration range between 10(-11) to 10(-6) M, des-arg9-bradykinin and T-kinin showed no significant change in motility of washed human spermatozoa. The low effective concentration and the saturation of the effect at higher concentrations of kinin makes it probable that the action of bradykinin is mediated by a specific bradykinin receptor. The kinin receptor of human spermatozoa should be of subtype B2 because the specific B1-agonist, des-arg9-bradykinin, showed no influence on sperm motility.     

Computerized tomographic analysis of orbital hypertelorism repair: spatial relationship of the globe and the bony orbit

Computerized tomographic scans provide a new means of evaluating the spatial and geometric relationships between the movement of the bony orbit and its soft tissue contents (the globe and extraocular muscles) [1, 12]. Preoperative and postoperative computerized tomographic scans were analyzed in four patients to explore these relationships. Measurement of the changes in distance between the globes correlated most closely with the change in the distance between the lateral orbital walls; resection of medial (inter-orbital) bone provides space into which the globe is translocated. The medial rectus muscle may be bowed across the medial wall osteotomy line, creating a functional shortening of the muscle; this finding may explain the esotropia that is commonly seen after this procedure [2, 3]. These observations should have a direct impact on the understanding and planning of orbital hypertelorism correction.     

Calcium paradox in an in vivo model of multidose cardioplegia and moderate hypothermia. Prevention with diltiazem or trace calcium levels

The production and prevention of calcium paradox injury in myocardium was studied in a canine model of cardiopulmonary bypass with multidose, moderately hypothermic, crystalloid cardioplegic solution. During 4 1/2 hours of global ischemia, three groups of six dogs each received one of three histidine-buffered cardioplegic solutions (500 ml initially and 250 ml every 30 minutes) at 27 degrees C. Group 1 cardioplegic solution was calcium free, group 2 solution contained a trace amount of calcium chloride (70 mumols /L), and group 3 cardioplegic solution was calcium free but contained diltiazem (150 micrograms/kg body weight). Left ventricular function measured as percent control of developed pressure revealed significantly greater (p less than 0.05) recovery in groups 2 and 3. Triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining showed 35% +/- 9% (mean +/- standard error) of heart mass necrosis in group 1 versus 0% and 0.5% +/- 0.4% in groups 2 and 3, respectively (p less than 0.001). Electron microscopy revealed ultrastructural changes characteristic of calcium paradox injury in group 1 myocardium. Calcium paradox injury was produced in an in vivo model of global myocardial ischemia and multidose cardioplegia despite moderate hypothermia and non-coronary collateral flow. The addition of either trace levels of calcium or diltiazem to the cardioplegic solution was effective in preventing this injury.     

Antibiotic compared with antiseptic prophylaxis for prostatic surgery

Two different regimens of cephalosporin antibiotic prophylaxis were compared with antiseptic lubricating jelly to try to prevent infection and complications in 196 men after prostatic surgery. Pre-operative urine was cultured and prostatic chips (170 cases) were also cultured to define the source of any infection. The use of antibiotics was associated with a reduced risk of postoperative bacteriuria. No serious complications occurred, although 1 patient in the antiseptic treated group developed rigors; 79 of 170 patients (46%) had positive prostatic chip cultures, of whom 74 had sterile pre-operative urine. There was no association between the result of chip culture and the presence of a pre-operative catheter. Culture positive patients had an increased risk of post-operative urine infection, although the same organism was found in the prostate and urine in only 36% of cases of post-operative bacteriuria and in 43 (54%) the organism cultured from the prostate was Staphylococcus albus. This study provides further evidence of the benefit of true prophylactic antibiotic therapy for transurethral prostatic surgery and the prostatic chip data suggest that some of the risk is due to pre-operative contamination of the prostate in the absence of per-operative urinary infection or catheterisation.     

Use of pins and plaster in the treatment of unstable pediatric forearm fractures

The treatment of unstable forearm fractures in children remains a challenging and controversial subject. There are times when more rigid fixation is needed to obtain and maintain fracture reduction. Open reduction/internal fixation or intramedullary nailing can be avoided by the use of the technique of pins and plaster. This study reviewed 20 forearm fractures treated between 1978 and 1984. All fractures healed uneventfully in satisfactory alignment. No complications were encountered. We conclude that the method of pins and plaster is a safe and reliable method to treat unstable pediatric forearm fractures.     

The importance of intraoperative cholangiography during laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) using electrocoagulation was successfully performed in 56 out of 58 selected patients. Cholangiography was performed in 53 patients. Six patients had common duct stones; five were unsuspected preoperatively. After the gallbladder was removed, three patients underwent open common duct exploration. In another five cases, anatomical anomalies were discovered. Cholangiography performed via the cystic duct before any structures are divided can prevent the most serious complication--common duct injury. Cholangiography should be attempted on all patients undergoing LC.     

Evaluation of possible traumatic thoracic aortic injury using aortography and CT

To identify and compare the methods of evaluation for suspected traumatic aortic rupture, 1,031 trauma charts from 1983-1989 were reviewed. Fifty-nine patients were evaluated for possible aortic injury. Patients who died before completion of the CT or aortogram were excluded. Widening of the mediastinum on chest x ray was the most frequent indication for follow-up studies. Twenty-five had a CT of the aortic arch alone. No study showed disruption. There were no false negative studies. Thirty patients had only aortography. Twenty-four were read as normal (one false negative). Six were read as positive (one false positive). In four, both studies were performed (CT/aortography--TP/TP, TN/TN, TP/FN, FP/FP). (FP = False Positive, TP = True Positive, FN = False Negative, TN = True Negative.) Six received surgical repair of the aortic injury (one death). In this experience, CT was used successfully as a screening tool for aortic disruption. It was highly sensitive in recognizing aortic injuries when present (100% vs. 75% for aortography) and in most cases did not require aortographic verification. False positive rates were comparable (CT = 3.8%, aortography = 7.7%). Specificity was also comparable (CT = 96%, aortography = 92%). Overall, four aortograms were inaccurate while only one CT was inaccurate. We recommend the use of CT for the evaluation of widened mediastinum in the stable patient.