全文获取类型
收费全文 | 47914篇 |
免费 | 2569篇 |
国内免费 | 224篇 |
专业分类
耳鼻咽喉 | 757篇 |
儿科学 | 2040篇 |
妇产科学 | 1361篇 |
基础医学 | 4391篇 |
口腔科学 | 1827篇 |
临床医学 | 4106篇 |
内科学 | 9684篇 |
皮肤病学 | 1000篇 |
神经病学 | 2994篇 |
特种医学 | 1717篇 |
外国民族医学 | 4篇 |
外科学 | 9481篇 |
综合类 | 919篇 |
现状与发展 | 3篇 |
一般理论 | 33篇 |
预防医学 | 2792篇 |
眼科学 | 1701篇 |
药学 | 3459篇 |
1篇 | |
中国医学 | 342篇 |
肿瘤学 | 2095篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 54篇 |
2023年 | 549篇 |
2022年 | 1113篇 |
2021年 | 1784篇 |
2020年 | 1109篇 |
2019年 | 1400篇 |
2018年 | 1864篇 |
2017年 | 1379篇 |
2016年 | 1523篇 |
2015年 | 1568篇 |
2014年 | 2021篇 |
2013年 | 2553篇 |
2012年 | 3746篇 |
2011年 | 3852篇 |
2010年 | 2117篇 |
2009年 | 1696篇 |
2008年 | 2816篇 |
2007年 | 3043篇 |
2006年 | 2776篇 |
2005年 | 2642篇 |
2004年 | 2382篇 |
2003年 | 2073篇 |
2002年 | 1852篇 |
2001年 | 714篇 |
2000年 | 748篇 |
1999年 | 536篇 |
1998年 | 285篇 |
1997年 | 194篇 |
1996年 | 193篇 |
1995年 | 142篇 |
1994年 | 119篇 |
1993年 | 93篇 |
1992年 | 169篇 |
1991年 | 174篇 |
1990年 | 138篇 |
1989年 | 128篇 |
1988年 | 110篇 |
1987年 | 102篇 |
1986年 | 93篇 |
1985年 | 121篇 |
1984年 | 77篇 |
1983年 | 57篇 |
1982年 | 56篇 |
1981年 | 58篇 |
1980年 | 45篇 |
1979年 | 58篇 |
1978年 | 50篇 |
1977年 | 37篇 |
1976年 | 39篇 |
1974年 | 43篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
81.
Yaylim I Isbir T Oztürk O Turna A Işitmangil T Zonüzi F Camlica H 《Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics》2002,134(2):118-122
A potential molecular marker associated with cancer susceptibility as well as metastasis, prognosis and adverse survival, is the L-myc gene. The studies of lung cancer patients from different populations have yielded controversial results. We studied 64 nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients and 37 healthy controls of Turkish origin for L-myc gene polymorphism. Our aim was to test the hypothesis that there was association between L-myc S allele in NSCLC and predisposition to the disease and TNM stage indicating tumor size, node classification and metastasis. Polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism and agarose gel electrophoresis were used to determine the L-myc oncogene genotypes. We found no significant difference, both in the distribution of the LL, LS and SS genotypes and in the allelic frequencies, between the patient group and the control group; that is, the frequencies of L-myc alleles were, L and S, 0.59 and 0.41, 0.60 and 0.40, respectively. Our data between the patient group and the control group; that is, the frequencies of L-myc alleles were, L and S, 0.59 and 0.41, 0.60 and 0.40, respectively. Our data concerning age, sex, size of tumors, histological type of tumors showed no significant association with L-myc genotype. However, a higher frequency of L-myc S allele in the squamous cell carcinoma compared to other histological groups was found, although this difference was not statistically significant. No association was found between the L-myc RFLP and increased risk of metastasis either to the lymph nodes or to other organs. Our results suggested that L-myc gene polymorphism was not a suitable prognostic marker of metastatic development in Turkish NSCLC patients. 相似文献
82.
This study was designed to analyze cytokine levels in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid of patients with pulmonary fibrosis (PF) and was performed at a University hospital. Nineteen veterans had mustard gas-induced PF, and 19 normal veterans were used as a control group. Chest roentgenograms, pulmonary function tests (PFTs), the percentage diffusing capacity of carbon monoxide (D(LCO)), high-resolution CT scans of the chest, and analyses of BAL fluids for five cytokines interleukin-8 (IL-8), IL-1beta, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), IL-12, and the growth factors transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and epidermal growth factor (EGF) were performed in all cases. A transbronchial lung biopsy was done in all patients. There were significant differences in cytokine (IL-8, IL-1beta, IL-6, TNF-alpha, IL-12) levels of BAL fluid between patients with PF and healthy controls. TGF-beta, EGF, and IGF-1 levels were also significantly increased in patients with PF compared with controls. A significant negative correlation was observed between the percentage of D(LCO) and IL-8 levels in BAL fluid in patients with PF (r = -0.47, p = 0.04). A significant negative correlation was also seen between the percentage of D(LCO) and TGF-beta (r = 0.53, p = 0.02) in these patients. Except for the percentage and the absolute number of the BAL fluid neutrophils (r = 0.70, p = 0.001 and r = -0.62, p = 0.005, respectively), no correlation was found between D(LCO)% and the other BAL cells. Of all measured cytokines and growth factors, only IL-8 and TGF-beta showed a significant correlation with the degree of fibrosis (p = 0.004, p = 0.04). The increased levels of cytokines and growth factors in the BAL fluid suggest the possible causative mechanism in the lung in sulfur mustard gas-induced PF by recruitment of neutrophils and eosinophils into the lung. 相似文献
83.
The buccal mucosa represents a potentially important topical route for delivery of peptide or protein drugs with some unique advantages such as the avoidance of hepatic first-pass metabolism and the acidity and protease activity encountered in the gastrointestinal tract. However, the bioavailabilities or relative potencies of intraorally administered peptides are usually quite low, unless permeabilizers are employed. Chitosan, a mucopolysaccharide of marine origin, has been claimed to act both as a bioadhesive and permeabilizer, making it a candidate system for mucosal drug delivery. In this study, the enhancement effect of chitosan in gel form for oral mucosa was investigated with a large bioactive peptide, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta). Chitosan gel was prepared at 2% concentration in dilute lactic acid and TGF-beta was incorporated into the gel. The effect of chitosan as a permeabilizer was determined by measuring the flux of TGF-beta across porcine oral mucosa in an in vitro system. The localization of TGF-beta within the oral mucosa was determined by horizontal sectioning and counting. Chitosan was found to exert a marked permeabilizing effect on buccal mucosa for peptide drug. 相似文献
84.
Real-time quantification in plasma of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) mRNA: a simple blood test to monitor disease in cancer patients 总被引:20,自引:0,他引:20
85.
Casonis skin test and indirect haemagglutination test (IHA) are still used in Turkey. The preoperative IHA test or Casonis skin test results of 120 patients with surgically confirmed hydatidosis were retrospectively studied during 1997–2004. At the same period, 306 patients with non-hydatid disease had serologic results for echinococcosis. The sensitivity of immediate intradermal reaction, delayed intradermal reaction, and IHA were 70, 62, and 56%, respectively. Casonis skin test components had higher sensitivity than IHA (P<0.01). The specificity of immediate intradermal reaction, delayed intradermal reaction, and IHA were 87, 85, and 84%, respectively. Cystic lesions in non-hydatid patients were localised commonly in the lungs. The occurrence of hydatid disease for pulmonary, hepatic, and renal cysts was 19, 54, and 5%, respectively. An immediate skin reaction to crude hydatid antigens is more useful than IHA. 相似文献
86.
Richard D Neal Victoria L Allgar Nasreen Ali Brenda Leese Phil Heywood Gill Proctor Joyce Evans 《The British journal of general practice》2007,57(536):212-219
BACKGROUND: Very few studies have reported cancer outcomes of patients referred through different routes, despite the prominence of current UK cancer urgent referral guidance. AIM: This study aimed to compare outcomes of cancer patients referred through the urgent referral guidance with those who were not, with respect to stage at diagnosis, survival, and delays in diagnosis. Design of study: Analysis of hospital records. SETTING: One hospital trust in England. METHOD: The records of 889 patients diagnosed in 2000-2001 with one of four types of cancer were analysed: 409 with lung cancer; 239 with colorectal cancer; 146 with prostate cancer; and 95 with ovarian cancer. Outcome measures were diagnostic stage, survival, referral and secondary care delays. RESULTS: For lung cancer, urgent referrals had more advanced TNM (tumor, node, metastasis) stage than patients diagnosed through other routes (P = 0.035) and poorer survival (P = 0.020). There was no difference in stage or survival for the other cancers. For each cancer, a higher proportion of urgent referrals was seen within 2 weeks. Secondary care delays for lung and colorectal cancer were shorter for inter-specialty referrals. CONCLUSION: For patients with lung cancer, the guidance appears to be prioritising those in the more advanced stages of disease. This was not the case for the other three cancers. Referral delays were shorter for patients urgently referred, as is the intention of the guidance. The avoidance of delays in outpatient diagnostics probably accounts for shorter secondary care delays for inter-specialty referrals. 相似文献
87.
Transfection of human macrophages by lipoplexes via the combined use of transferrin and pH-sensitive peptides 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
Simões S Slepushkin V Pretzer E Dazin P Gaspar R Pedroso de Lima MC Düzgüneş N 《Journal of leukocyte biology》1999,65(2):270-279
The crucial function of macrophages in a variety of biological processes and pathologies render these cells important targets for gene therapeutic interventions. Commonly used synthetic gene delivery vectors have not been successful in transfecting these non-dividing cells. A combination strategy involving cationic liposomes to condense and carry DNA, transferrin to facilitate cellular uptake, and the pH-sensitive peptide GALA to promote endosome destabilization, resulted in significant expression of a luciferase gene. Transfection of macrophages was dependent on the degree of differentiation of the cells. The quaternary complexes of cationic liposomes, DNA, transferrin, and GALA exhibited a net negative charge, which may obviate a limitation of cationic synthetic vectors in vivo. The lack of cytotoxicity and the expected lack of immunogenicity of these complexes may render them useful for gene delivery to macrophages in vivo. 相似文献
88.
Ateş A Düzgün N Ulu A Tiryaki AO Akar N 《Pathophysiology of haemostasis and thrombosis》2003,33(3):157-163
OBJECTIVES: Beh?et's disease (BD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of still unknown etiology, characterized by endothelial cell injury/dysfunction and thrombosis and/or aneurysm of large blood vessels. Thrombophilia may play a role in the pathogenesis of thrombosis in BD. The common inherited gene defects, factor V (FV) 1691A (Leiden) and prothrombin (PT) 20210A, are known risk factors for thrombosis. The FV 4070G polymorphism was shown to influence circulating FV levels and to contribute to the activated protein C resistance phenotype. The aim of the study was to evaluate the role of FV 1691A, FV 4070G and PT 20210A gene mutations in Turkish BD patients with and without venous thrombosis. METHODS: Seventy-one patients with BD (27 with venous thrombosis) and 91 healthy subjects were included in the study. FV 1691A, FV 4070G, and PT 20210A mutations were determined by a method based on PCR-RFLP. RESULTS: The frequency of FV 1691A heterozygous mutation in BD patients with venous thrombosis (25.9%) was significantly higher than that in healthy subjects (8.8%; OR = 3.63; 95% CI 1.18-11.2). Although the frequency of this mutation in patients with venous thrombosis was higher than that in the patients without venous thrombosis (11.4%), the difference did not reach a statistically significant level (OR = 2.73; 95% CI 0.77-9.70). In BD patients with thrombosis, the frequencies of FV 4070G and PT 20210A were not significantly different compared to the BD patients without venous thrombosis and healthy subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that the FV 1691A, FV 4070G, and PT 20210A mutations are unlikely to play an important role in the pathogenesis of thrombosis in patients with BD. 相似文献
89.
A linear mathematical model of the electromyogram (e.m.g.) has been developed for the biceps muscle. The number of motor units (and therefore muscle fibres) contributing to the resultant e.m.g. at any stage of movement has been found from the force analysis of elbow flexion. The depths of various motor units and the phase difference between the recruitment of any two motor units have been formulated using a spiral spread of recruitment sequence. The attenuation of individual motor-unit action potentials due to varying depths has been taken into consideration, and due regard has been taken of the length-tension diagram of a muscle while performing the force analysis. Attention has been focused on the flexion of the elbow joint, in which a method of finding the individual contribution of the biceps and brachialis muscles has been developed and applied. The results predicted by the model have been verified by experiments. The model can also be extended to the e.m.g. of other fast skeletal muscles. The conditions and limitations for such generalisations have been stated and discussed. 相似文献
90.
Apoptotic body engulfment by a human stellate cell line is profibrogenic 总被引:22,自引:0,他引:22
Canbay A Taimr P Torok N Higuchi H Friedman S Gores GJ 《Laboratory investigation; a journal of technical methods and pathology》2003,83(5):655-663
Hepatocyte apoptosis and stellate cell activation are both features of chronic liver diseases, but a relationship between these events has not been explored. In macrophages, engulfment of apoptotic bodies induces expression of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), a profibrogenic cytokine. We examined whether a similar response occurs in stellate cells. Fluorescently labeled hepatocyte apoptotic bodies were added to cultures of primary and immortalized human stellate cells. Stellate cells, but not hepatocytes, readily engulfed apoptotic bodies in a time-dependent manner as assessed by confocal microscopy. The activation of primary and immortalized human stellate cells after incubation with apoptotic bodies, as well as their fibrogenic activity, was indicated by an increase in alpha-smooth muscle actin (primary cells), TGF-beta1, and collagen alpha1(I) mRNA (primary and immortalized cells). The profibrogenic response was dependent upon apoptotic body engulfment, because nocodazole, a microtubule-inhibiting agent, blocked both the engulfment and the increase of TGF-beta1 and collagen alpha1(I) mRNA. As described in primary rodent stellate cells, up-regulation of collagen alpha1(I) mRNA was inhibited by a PI-3K inhibitor (LY294002) and a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor (SB203580) in LX-1 cells. In conclusion, these data support a model in which engulfment of hepatocyte apoptotic bodies by stellate cells leads to a fibrogenic response by eliciting a kinase-signaling pathway. 相似文献