Remodeling of the ICF: A commentary

Since its publication in 2001 the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) has attracted debate about the content and the model presented. After almost 20 years use, regular updating since 2008 and with the prospect of a new edition in 2020 there is increasing interest in the ICF as a tool to meet contemporary information requirements. Information on functioning is important across not only health systems, but all areas where change in functioning is important: education, employment, and social welfare for example. This commentary responds to the issues raised in a commentary by Mitra & Shakespeare in 2019 and supports review of the ICF in the current context by informing users and providers of data on human functioning how they might engage in the maintenance, updating, and modernisation of the ICF.     

Identification and Validation of Nutrient State-Dependent Serum Protein Mediators of Human CD4+ T Cell Responsiveness

Intermittent fasting and fasting mimetic diets ameliorate inflammation. Similarly, serum extracted from fasted healthy and asthmatic subjects’ blunt inflammation in vitro, implicating serum components in this immunomodulation. To identify the proteins orchestrating these effects, SOMAScan technology was employed to evaluate serum protein levels in healthy subjects following an overnight, 24-h fast and 3 h after refeeding. Partial least square discriminant analysis identified several serum proteins as potential candidates to confer feeding status immunomodulation. The characterization of recombinant IGFBP1 (elevated following 24 h of fasting) and PYY (elevated following refeeding) in primary human CD4⁺ T cells found that they blunted and induced immune activation, respectively. Furthermore, integrated univariate serum protein analysis compared to RNA-seq analysis from peripheral blood mononuclear cells identified the induction of IL1RL1 and MFGE8 levels in refeeding compared to the 24-h fasting in the same study. Subsequent quantitation of these candidate proteins in lean versus obese individuals identified an inverse regulation of serum levels in the fasted subjects compared to the obese subjects. In parallel, IL1RL1 and MFGE8 supplementation promoted increased CD4⁺ T responsiveness to T cell receptor activation. Together, these data show that caloric load-linked conditions evoke serological protein changes, which in turn confer biological effects on circulating CD4⁺ T cell immune responsiveness.     

“Putting Meat on the Bones”: Understanding the Implementation of a Community-Based Early Intervention and Prevention Programme—Contextual,Person, and Programme Influences

Prevention Science - The adoption and effective delivery of evidence-based interventions within “real-world” community-based, primary health care service settings are of crucial...     

Deciphering the molecular effects of non-ablative Er:YAG laser treatment in an in vitro model of the non-keratinized mucous membrane

Lasers in Medical Science -     

Ectopic Calcification and Hypophosphatemic Rickets: Natural History of ENPP1 and ABCC6 Deficiencies

Generalized arterial calcification of infancy (GACI) is a rare disorder caused by ENPP1 or ABCC6 variants. GACI is characterized by low pyrophosphate, arterial calcification, and high mortality during the first year of life, but the natural course and possible differences between the causative genes remain unknown. In all, 247 individual records for patients with GACI (from birth to 58.3 years of age) across 19 countries were reviewed. Overall mortality was 54.7% (13.4% in utero or stillborn), with a 50.4% probability of death before the age of 6 months (critical period). Contrary to previous publications, we found that bisphosphonate treatment had no survival benefit based on a start-time matched analysis and inconclusive results when initiated within 2 weeks of birth. Despite a similar prevalence of GACI phenotypes between ENPP1 and ABCC6 deficiencies, including arterial calcification (77.2% and 89.5%, respectively), organ calcification (65.8% and 84.2%, respectively), and cardiovascular complications (58.4% and 78.9%, respectively), mortality was higher for ENPP1 versus ABCC6 variants (40.5% versus 10.5%, respectively; p = 0.0157). Higher prevalence of rickets was reported in 70.8% of surviving affected individuals with ENPP1 compared with that of ABCC6 (11.8%; p = 0.0001). Eleven affected individuals presenting with rickets and without a GACI diagnosis, termed autosomal recessive hypophosphatemic rickets type 2 (ARHR2), all had confirmed ENPP1 variants. Approximately 70% of these patients demonstrated evidence of ectopic calcification or complications similar to those seen in individuals with GACI, which shows that ARHR2 is not a distinct condition from GACI but represents part of the spectrum of ENPP1 deficiency. Overall, this study identified an early mortality risk in GACI patients despite attempts to treat with bisphosphonates, high prevalence of rickets almost exclusive to ENPP1 deficiency, and a spectrum of heterogenous calcification and multiple organ complications with both ENPP1 and ABCC6 variants, which suggests an overlapping pathology. © 2021 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR). This article has been contributed to by US Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.     

Risks of AKI and Major Adverse Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome or Coronavirus Disease 2019

BackgroundSevere acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are closely related. The effect of AKI on the clinical outcomes of these two conditions is unclear.MethodsThis retrospective, territory-wide cohort study used an electronic public healthcare database in Hong Kong to identify patients with SARS or COVID-19 by diagnosis codes, virologic results, or both. The primary endpoint was a composite of intensive care unit admission, use of invasive mechanical ventilation, and/or death.ResultsWe identified 1670 patients with SARS and 1040 patients with COVID-19 (median ages, 41 versus 35 years, respectively). Among patients with SARS, 26% met the primary endpoint versus 5.3% of those with COVID-19. Diabetes mellitus, abnormal liver function, and AKI were factors significantly associated with the primary endpoint among patients with either SARS or COVID-19. Among patients with SARS, 7.9%, 2.1%, and 3.7% developed stage 1, stage 2, and stage 3 AKI, respectively; among those with COVID-19, 6.6%, 0.4%, and 1.1% developed stage 1, stage 2, and stage 3 AKI, respectively. In both groups, factors significantly associated with AKI included diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Among patients with AKI, those with COVID-19 had a lower rate of major adverse clinical outcomes versus patients with SARS. Renal function recovery usually occurred within 30 days after an initial AKI event.ConclusionsAKI rates were higher among patients with SARS than those with COVID-19. AKI was associated with major adverse clinical outcomes for both diseases. Patients with diabetes mellitus and abnormal liver function were also at risk of developing severe consequences after SARS and COVID-19 infection.     

Panniculectomy at the time of bariatric surgery: a propensity score-matched analysis of outcomes in the MBSAQIP database

BackgroundBody contouring in the postbariatric surgery patient improves quality of life and daily function.ObjectivesTo determine the risk profile of panniculectomy when performed in select patients at the time of bariatric surgery.SettingMetabolic and Bariatric Surgery Accreditation and Quality Improvement Program (MBSAQIP) participating centers.MethodsWe examined the MBSAQIP database (2016-2017), in which data on 379,544 bariatric surgeries are reported. Concurrent panniculectomy procedures were identified by Current Procedural Technology (CPT) codes. Patient characteristics and in-hospital as well as 30-day complications were compared between the body contouring group and propensity score-matched bariatric surgery controls.ResultsOne hundred twenty-four patients met inclusion criteria and were matched to 248 controls. An infra-umbilical panniculectomy was performed in the majority of patients (n = 94, 75.8%). Most patients received an open rather than laparoscopic bariatric surgery (n = 87, 70.2%). There were no statistically significant differences between 30-day mortality (1.9%), wound complications (11.5%), readmission (12.5%) and reoperation (5.8%) between the 2 groups (P > .05). Wound complications occurred in 11.5% of patients and were associated with prolonged hospital stay (odds ratio 4.65, 95% confidence interval 1.99–10.86, P < .001) and a body mass index (BMI) > 50 (odds ratio 3.19, 95% confidence interval 1.02–9.96, P = .046).ConclusionIn select patients, panniculectomy at the time of bariatric surgery was not associated with increased in-hospital or 30-day adverse outcomes compared with matched bariatric surgery controls. This procedure may be performed in select patients, with awareness that revision surgery may be needed once weight loss stabilizes.     

Risk factors for cooking-related burn injuries in children,WHO Global Burn Registry

ObjectiveTo assess the characteristics of cooking-related burn injuries in children reported to the World Health Organization Global Burn Registry.MethodsOn 1 February 2021, we downloaded data from the Global Burn Registry on demographic and clinical characteristics of patients younger than 19 years. We performed multivariate regressions to identify risk factors predictive of mortality and total body surface area affected by burns.FindingsOf the 2957 paediatric patients with burn injuries, 974 involved cooking (32.9%). More burns occurred in boys (532 patients; 54.6%) than in girls, and in children 2 years and younger (489 patients; 50.2%). Accidental contact and liquefied petroleum caused most burn injuries (729 patients; 74.8% and 293 patients; 30.1%, respectively). Burn contact by explosions (odds ratio, OR: 2.8; 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.4–5.7) or fires in the cooking area (OR: 3.0; 95% CI: 1.3–6.8), as well as the cooking fuels wood (OR: 2.2; 95 CI%: 1.3–3.4), kerosene (OR: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.0–3.6) or natural gas (OR: 1.5; 95% CI: 1.0–2.2) were associated with larger body surface area affected. Mortality was associated with explosions (OR: 7.5; 95% CI: 2.2–25.9) and fires in the cooking area (OR: 6.9; 95% CI: 1.9–25.7), charcoal (OR: 4.6; 95% CI: 2.0–10.5), kerosene (OR: 3.9; 95% CI: 1.4–10.8), natural gas (OR: 3.0; 95% CI: 1.5–6.1) or wood (OR: 2.8; 95% CI: 1.1–7.1).ConclusionPreventive interventions directed against explosions, fires in cooking areas and hazardous cooking fuels should be implemented to reduce morbidity and mortality from cooking-related burn injuries.