Neuronal apoptosis after CNS injury: the roles of glutamate and calcium

While a role has been well established for excitotoxic necrosis in the pathogenesis of traumatic or ischemic damage to the CNS, accumulating evidence now suggests that apoptosis may also be a prominent contributor. In this review we focus on the role of glutamate and attendant intracellular calcium influx in triggering or modifying excitotoxic necrosis and apoptosis, raising the possibility that calcium influx may affect these two death pathways in opposite directions. Incorporating consideration of both pathways will probably be needed to develop the most effective neuroprotective treatments for CNS injury.     

缝线法矫正乳头内陷

目的介绍一种中度以下乳头内陷的矫正方法。方法采用8字缝合法或荷包缝合法，使乳头、乳晕处基底部周围组织向乳头中底部靠拢，使乳头下撵托组织增加，并形成一定的疤痕组织衬托，使乳头突出。结果17例病人，15例达到Ⅰ期效果．2例(8字缝合法、荷包缝合法各1例)术后乳头内陷再度复发，采用切开法Ⅱ期矫正后痊愈。结论缝合法矫正乳头内陷，乳头、乳晕局部无切口，操作简单，损伤较小。     

Tissue engineering and gene therapy of the musculoskeletal system with muscle cells

AIM: Muscle-based somatic gene therapy is a novel way to alleviate a biochemical deficiency. METHOD: Muscle-derived cells are very promising in the field of gene therapy and tissue engineering. First, most muscle tissue is accessible by injection. Second, muscle tissue consists of multinucleated, postmitotic myofibers, which enable a long-term expression of the transduced gene. Third, muscle tissue can be biopsied easily. It is available in abundance and the biopsy does not compromise the health and function of the patient. Finally, muscle tissue is highly vascularized, which makes systemic delivery feasible. RESULTS: Muscle-derived cells can promote muscle healing and bone healing. Implanted cells maintain a long-term transgene expression of therapeutic proteins. Isolated, muscle-derived stem cells can differentiate in osteoblasts. CONCLUSION: Based on these characteristics, we present four possible applications: inherited muscular diseases, muscle injury, bone healing, and intraarticular disorders.