Cyclic changes in the properties of maturing enamel in the bovine permanent incisor as revealed by glyoxal bis(2-hydroxyanil) staining

Staining patterns of the surface and interior of maturing enamel of these tooth germs were examined using the glyoxal bis(2-hydroxyanil) (GBHA) solution which chelates with calcium loosely bound to hydroxyapatite to form insoluble red precipitates. An intense red, band-like pattern of GBHA staining, 1-2 mm wide, first appeared on the incisal portion of lingual enamel surface as complete loops, concentrically arranged; these gradually increased in number. Most of the later-formed bands encircled the entire periphery of the maturing enamel surface. GBHA also revealed reactive areas on the labio-lingual, cut and ground surface of maturing enamel, corresponding exactly to the surface GBHA bands. GBHA did not stain EDTA-etched surface enamel, but did reveal regular staining patterns on the ground surface, disclosed after EDTA treatment. These observations suggest an intimate correlation between the properties of interior and surface enamel, at least with regard to the state of local calcium. The maturation of bovine incisor enamel may start at the lingual aspect of the tooth crown.     

Strain distribution during separation of the pterygomaxillary suture by osteotomes. Comparison between Obwegeser's osteotome and swan's neck osteotome

In the Le Fort I type osteotomy, separation of the pterygomaxillary suture is a dangerous manoeuvre which must be carried out during the surgical procedure. To determine the osteotome best suited for safe separation of the pterygomaxillary suture, we measured the strain distribution over the surrounding bone structures during the osteotomy, employing two types of osteotomes. In both the Obwegeser osteotome group and swan's neck osteotome group, a large strain was measured at the medial pterygoid plate on the side of osteotome application. The intensity of the strain at the medial pterygoid plate was higher in the Obwegeser osteotome group than in the swan's neck group. With the Obwegeser osteotome which is routinely and commonly used in orthognathic surgery, safe separation of the suture cannot be accomplished unless the blade is correctly applied to the suture and superoposterior compression of the pterygoid process is avoided.     

A histopathological study of the morphological changes at the apical seat and in the periapical region after irradiation with a pulsed Nd:YAG laser

In this study, the effects of pulsed Nd:YAG laser irradiation on the apical seat and periapical region of instrumented root canals were investigated. One hundred and ninety-two teeth, including incisors and molars (239 root canals), in 18 healthy adult beagle dogs were used. After extirpation of the pulp under anaesthesia, each root canal was shaped up to at least a size 40 K-file, and then laser irradiated using the following parameters: 1 W, 15 pps for 2, 3, and 4 s; 2 W, 15 pps for 2 s. The effectiveness of debris removal and carbonization on the root canal walls immediately laser irradiation were examined and inflammation of the periapical region at 1, 2, and 4 weeks after laser irradiation was examined using light microscopy. Effective debris removal was observed in most cases in the laser-treated groups and was dependent on irradiated energy. Carbonization was observed in the irradiated root canals except at the parameter of 1 W for 2 s. Periapical inflammation was observed at 1 W for 2 s to the same extent as in the control group (P > 0.01). These results suggest that the pulsed Nd:YAG laser is useful for debris removal with no adverse effects immediately after extirpation of the pulp if appropriate parameters are selected.     

Use of the highly sensitive PCR method to detect the Herpes simplex virus type 1 genome and its expression in samples from Behçet disease patients

To study the involvement of the Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) in patients with Beh?et's disease (BD), PCR was used to detect HSV-1 DNA and RNA (LAT, TK, gB) in peripheral blood leukocytes and oral smears from patients with BD. Out of 32 patients with BD and 30 healthy volunteers, HSV-1 specific DNA was not detected in any case. Using a highly sensitive competitive RT-PCR method, HSV-1 specific mRNA was not detected either in peripheral blood leukocytes from any of the patients or volunteers. In contrast, serum levels of IgG anti HSV-1 antibody were higher in patients with BD; however, there were 70% sero-positives among the control subjects. Even though it has been reported that the highly frequent presence of the HSV-1 genome in peripheral blood is a characteristic feature of BD, our results show that the HSV-1 genome and its expression are not present in peripheral blood in patients with BD. We could not find any evidence that the lesions associated with BD were caused by the direct lytic effects of HSV-1.     

Dynamic viscoelastic properties of models composed of posterior denture teeth and denture base resin

The purpose of this investigation was to compare the dynamic viscoelastic properties of various models composed of denture teeth and heat-cured denture base resin. The specimens were porcelain and resin teeth mounted in denture base resin. Compressive dynamic stiffness and phase differences were measured with a viscoelastic spectrometer. Measurements of the viscoelastic frequency spectrum based on the fast Fourier transform of displacement to applied random forces were analyzed with a spectrum analyzer. The stiffness of the specimens was independent of the frequency. The stiffness of the porcelain specimens was higher than that of the resin ones measured under the same conditions. The phase lag of the specimens was dependent on the frequency. The phase lag of the porcelain specimens was lower than that of the resin ones measured under the same conditions. This study suggested that the acrylic resin teeth had greater toughness and higher shock-absorbing ability than the porcelain teeth, and that the porcelain teeth were more brittle than the acrylic resin ones, whether the teeth were isolated or in dentures.     

Mandibular stability after sagittal split ramus osteotomy without post-operative maxillomandibular fixation in the treatment of prognathic patients with symmetric mandibles

This study was designed to examine post-operative stability in prognathic patients with symmetric lower jaws who underwent sagittal split ramus osteotomy (SSRO) of the mandible without post-operative maxillomandibular fixation (MMF). Twenty prognathic patients with symmetric mandibles were investigated. An appliance for repositioning the proximal segment and titanium screw fixation was applied in all patients. Ten patients underwent post-operative MMF with stainless steel wire (mean duration, 9.6 days) and intermaxillary rubber traction after removal of the MMF (Group I), and the remaining ten underwent intermaxillary rubber traction only (Group II) post-operatively. Cephalograms were obtained 2–3 days post-operatively, and 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery. Changes in the positions of upper incisors (U-1), lower incisors (L-1), B-point, and pogonion were examined on lateral cephalograms. In the early stages of follow-up, decreases in the overbite tended to be more marked in Group I than in Group II, and the forward movement of each standard point was significantly larger in Group I than in Group II. No significant differences, however, were revealed between the two groups at 12 months after surgery. Forward movement of anterior cephalometric landmarks, post-operatively, in Group II were significant, however, this pattern differed from Group I, in which big changes occurred in the early stages after surgery. Although the patterns of post-operative changes in the two groups are different, there are no significant differences in their post-operative stability in long-term follow-up. Therefore, post-operative MMF may be avoided when prognathic patients with symmetric mandibles undergo SSRO with an appliance for repositioning the proximal segment and titanium screw fixation.     

The study on apatite castable glass-ceramics in composition and physicochemical properties]

The authors reported the result of the study of the glass formation range and physicochemical characteristics of apatite (APA) castable ceramics in the CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2-P2O5 system. The relationship between its component and casting properties, the mechanical property and chemical stability was mainly discussed. The result showed that homogeneous glass could be formed in the experimental scope. This glass crystallized enamel-analogous apatite phase. It has improved mechanical property of parent glass, the bending strength was up to 165 MPa and possessed a fine chemical stability. This investigation could provide a new castable ceramics material for dental restoration.     

Effect of tension-force on plasminogen activator activity from human periodontal ligament cells

The plasminogen activator (PA)-plasmin proteolytic system has recently received considerable attention because of its participation in a wide variety of biological activities and in pathological conditions involving tissue destruction. Excessive mechanical stress such as occlusal trauma is associated with alveolar bone loss in severe periodontitis. Therefore, mechanical stress may involve degradation of the extracellular matrix by occlusal trauma through activation of the PA-plasmin proteolytic system. We examined the effects of mechanical stress on PA activity, gene expressions of tissue type (t) PA, urokinase type (u) PA and PA inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) in human PDL cells. Human PDL cells were cultured on flexible-bottomed culture plates and placed on a Flexercell Strain Unit. The cells were flexed at 6 cycles (5 s strain, 5 s relaxation) at 9% and 18% elongation for 5 d. Application of tension-force induced significantly higher PA activity in stressed PDL cells than in non-stressed controls, and did so in a time- and magnitude-dependent manner (p<0.001, ANOVA). Western-blot analysis revealed that the high level of activity was due to tPA and not uPA. Gene expression of tPA mRNA in stressed PDL cells, as examined by RT-PCR, increased on d 5. These findings suggest that tPA may be involved in periodontal metabolism in response to mechanical stress.     

放射线检查在龋病诊断中的价值

放射线检查是龋病诊断中常用的辅助手段，本文讨论了根尖片与翼片、数字式根尖片与数字式翼片、放射屏幕影像仪（ＲＶＧ）、纵向显微放射法（ＬＭＲ）、激光诱导荧光法（ＬＡＦ）等方法在龋病诊断中的优缺点。并提出以直接数字式系统取代湿片过程和胶片贮存，尽量减少射线剂量、以及将龋病的诊断定位于早期脱矿阶段是放射线检查在龋病诊断中的发展方向。