癌症患者预立医疗照护计划选择偏好的研究进展

在对预立医疗照护计划概念、选择偏好概念及评估方法综述的基础上,总结癌症患者在实施地点与环境、实施人员、讨论时机与决策内容4个方面的预立医疗照护计划选择偏好,并从患者、医疗、家庭支持以及制度与政策4个层面总结癌症患者预立医疗照护计划选择偏好的影响因素,指出存在的问题及研究方向,旨在为国内推进预立医疗照护计划的开展提供参考。     

感染预防和控制护理缺失量表的汉化及信效度检验

目的 对英文版感染预防和控制护理缺失量表进行汉化,为评估护士在医院感染预防和控制活动上的缺失提供有效的测量工具。方法 按照Brislin原则对英文版量表进行翻译,通过专家咨询和预试验进行跨文化调适后,并采用便利抽样法选取450名护士进行问卷调查。通过经典测量理论和项目反应理论的Rasch模型对问卷进行信效度检验。结果 中文版感染预防和控制护理缺失量表由分量表B(31个条目,感控护理活动缺失的类型及频率)和分量表C(20个条目,感控护理缺失的原因)组成,分量表总的Cronbach′s α系数分别为0.973和0.902,重测信度分别为0.917和0.957,内容效度(S-CVI)分别为0.973和0.949。Rasch分析中残差主成分分析显示分量表B符合单维性,分量表C非单维性,其4个维度符合单维性;分量表B、C的项目信度分别为0.97和0.98,分离指数分别为5.27和7.20,样本信度分别为0.85和0.88,分离指数分别为2.42和2.73。结论 中文版感控护理缺失量表信效度较好,可作为评估护士的感控护理缺失现状及分析缺失原因的测量工具。     

Thoracoscopy‐assisted mini‐open surgery for anterior column reconstruction in thoracic spinal tuberculosis

Objective: To evaluate the clinical effects of thoracoscopy‐assisted mini‐open surgery for anterior column reconstruction in thoracic spinal tuberculosis. Methods: Fifty‐eight patients, 35 men and 23 women, aged 39.2 (range, 19–60) years with thoracic spinal tuberculosis with an average kyphotic angle of 29.2° (range, 18°–42°) underwent thoracoscopy‐assisted mini‐open surgeries, including thorough debridement and anterior spinal reconstruction. According to the Frankel Grading system, preoperative neurological function was judged as Grade B in 3 cases, Grade C in 7, Grade D in 28, and Grade E in 20. All patients were followed up for an average of 4.6 years. Outcomes were evaluated retrospectively. Results: Surgery was accomplished successfully in all cases. The average operation time was 230 min (range, 180–320 min), the average intraoperative blood loss 570 ml (range, 350–1200 ml), and the mean drainage duration 3.6 days (3–5 days). Complications occurred in 19 patients (32.8%). Neurological improvement of one to three grades had occurred in 29 patients by final follow‐up. The average correction rate of the kyphotic angle was 36.4%, and no obvious correction loss was detected during follow‐up. No recurrent tuberculosis was found in the group. Conclusions: Thoracoscopy‐assisted mini‐open surgery provides a simple, safe, effective, and practical technology with minimal invasiveness for the treatment of thoracic spinal tuberculosis.     

PKRP、TUVP、SPP 3种前列腺切除术对阴茎勃起和射精功能的影响

目的 比较经尿道前列腺等离子双极电切术(PKRP)、经尿道前列腺汽化术(TUVP)和耻骨上前列腺切除术(SPP) 3种手术方式对BPH患者性功能的影响.方法 将符合此条件的121例前列腺切除患者进行随访,对手术前、后IPSS、性生活、勃起功能(IIEF-5)和射精情况(有无逆行射精、)予以评估.结果 (1)术后3个月3组IPSS评分均有显著下降;(2)3组术后的IIEF-5均有降低,其中SPP组有差异显著的统计学意义;(3) PKRP、TUVP、SPP 3组阴茎勃起功能障碍(ED)发生率分别为:8%、20%、30%:(4)TUVP组和SPP组术后逆行射精(RE)的发生率同术前比较有显著差异.结论 PKRP、TUVP、SPP术对患者性功能均有不同程度的影响,表现在阴茎勃起功能障碍 (ED) 和逆行射精 (RE),而PKRP对性功能的影响较轻.     

Primary nasopharyngeal non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: imaging patterns on MR imaging

ObjectivesTo summarize the distinct imaging features of different subtypes of primary nasopharyngeal non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHLs).Materials and methodsClinical data and magnetic resonance imaging findings of 71 patients with histologically proven primary nasopharyngeal NHLs were retrospectively reviewed. The tumor distribution, signal intensity, lesion texture, contrast enhancement properties, extra-chamber involvement, regional structure invasion, and cervical lymphadenopathy were evaluated and compared between different subtypes of NHLs.ResultsOf the patients, 70.4% had B-cell lymphomas; 64.8% had symmetrical and diffuse involvement of nasopharynx walls; and 19.7% had superficial ulcerations. Extra-chamber involvement and regional structure invasion occurred in most patients. The frequency of neck node involvement was up to 83.10%; 62.7% of them were bilateral involvement. Patients with T-cell or nature killer/T-cell NHLs had a higher incidence of superficial ulcerations, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinus invasion than B-cell NHLs (P< .05). Patients with B-cell NHLs had a higher incidence of cervical lymphadenopathy specifically in Level VA and parotid region than T-cell or nature killer/T-cell (NK/T-cell) NHLs (P< .05).ConclusionPrimary nasopharyngeal NHLs had some characteristic imaging features and different subtypes of nasopharyngeal NHLs had some distinct imaging features.     

尺骨鹰嘴截骨双钢板内固定治疗青壮年C型肱骨髁间骨折

目的探讨尺骨鹰嘴截骨双钢板内固定治疗青壮年C型肱骨髁间骨折的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2008年10月～2012年4月收治并获得随访的26例C型肱骨髁间骨折患者的临床资料,男性16例,女性10例;年龄19～54岁,平均40.5岁。骨折类型按AO/ASIF分类为:C1型5例,C2型14例,C3型7例,全部采用经尺骨鹰嘴截骨双钢板内固定治疗。结果术后随访6～38个月,平均15个月,最后一次随访时骨折及截骨处均全部骨性愈合。肘关节功能根据Mayo法评分为55～100分,平均84.42分,其中优(90～100分)10例,良(75～89分)12例,可(60～74分)2例,差(<60分)2例;优良率为84.6%。结论经尺骨鹰嘴截骨显露充分,双钢板内固定牢靠,允许早期进行肘关节功能锻炼,可获得满意的临床疗效,是目前手术治疗青壮年C型肱骨髁间骨折的较好术式     

肝脏血管平滑肌脂肪瘤的CT特征

目的:探讨肝脏血管平滑肌脂肪瘤的CT表现及特征。方法:回顾性分析经手术或穿刺活检证实的7例肝脏血管平滑肌脂肪瘤的CT表现。结果:7例肝脏血管平滑肌脂肪瘤,共发现8个病灶。CT平扫均表现为低密度,其中4个病灶内可测得脂肪密度,CT值<-20HU,1个病灶内可见略高密度出血区及低密度囊变区。增强扫描动脉期8个病灶均显著强化,其中7个病灶为团片状不均匀强化,1个病灶为均匀强化。门脉期6个病灶持续或渐进性强化。5例加行延迟扫描,其中4个病灶仍持续强化。动脉期和/或门脉期6个病灶可见中心血管影。结论:肿瘤内含脂肪成分、动脉期显著不均匀强化、门脉期和延迟期持续或渐进性强化及中心血管影是肝脏血管平滑肌脂肪瘤的特征性CT表现。     

沙漠干热环境下猪腹部肠管火器伤后肝组织中NF-κB 、TNF-α的表达

目的探讨沙漠干热环境下猪腹部肠管火器伤后肝脏组织中核因子-κB(NF-κB)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的表达及其与肝损伤的关系。方法健康长白仔猪42头随机等分为对照组和伤后1、2、4、8、12 h和24 h组,在沙漠干热环境下建立腹部肠管火器伤模型后,用免疫组化及图像分析法测定各组肝脏组织内NF-κB和TNF-α的表达,同时测定血清中ALT水平,在光镜下观察各组肝脏组织学变化。结果伤后各组肝内NF-κB、TNF-α表达明显高于对照组(P<0.05),NF-κB于伤后1 h和4 h出现2个高峰(P<0.05);TNF-α于伤后1h和8 h出现2个高峰(P<0.05);血清ALT水平在伤后明显升高,也于伤后1 h和8 h出现2个高峰(P<0.05);伤后1、2 h组出现逐渐加重的肝细胞水肿、变性,伤后4 h组开始出现逐渐加重的肝细胞点状坏死、灶状坏死和炎细胞浸润,对照组光镜下未见明显的损伤性变化;NF-κB与TNF-α的表达在2 h组和4 h组均有正相关关系(P<0.05)。结论沙漠干热环境下腹部肠管火器伤后肝内NF-κB、TNF-α表达一致性升高,二者在伤后早期表达密切相关,并与肝脏结构和功能损伤变化基本一致,提示NF-κB和TNF-α在沙漠干热环境下腹部肠管火器伤后肝损伤过程中起重要作用。     

荔枝核皂苷对小鼠学习记忆障碍的改善

目的:探讨荔枝核皂苷对D-半乳糖诱致小鼠学习记忆障碍的改善作用。方法:50只昆明种小鼠完全随机分为正常对照组、模型对照组、石杉碱甲组(0.4 mg/kg·d)、荔枝核皂苷低(15 g/kg·d)和高(60 g/kg·d)剂量组。上述动物除空白对照组外,均皮下(sc)注射D-半乳糖(500 mg/kg·d)8周,并于第5周起分别灌胃相应药物。采用水迷宫和自主活动仪测试小鼠学习和记忆能力,测定血清糖基化;醛糖还原酶活性;采用高效液相库仑阵列电化学检测系统检测人神经氨酸酶(NA)、多巴胺(DA)、5-羟色胺(5-HT)、5-羟吲哚乙酸(5-HIAA)二羟苯乙酸(DOPAC)的含量变化。结果:荔枝核皂苷明显改善模型小鼠学习和记忆能力,各给药组与模型对照组相比单胺类递质含量差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:荔枝核皂苷具有改善D-半乳糖诱致小鼠学习记忆障碍的作用;其作用可能与其减少抑制对脑神经细胞的损伤作用有关。     

单纯性胰腺创伤后大鼠胰腺细胞增殖状况的实验研究

目的：构建大鼠单纯性胰腺创伤模型观察胰腺细胞增殖变化特点并探讨胰腺细胞增殖与组织损伤的关系。方法将60只Wistar大鼠分为2组：撞击组（采用BIM‐Ⅲ生物撞击机构建胰腺创伤大鼠模型,40只）和对照组（假手术组,20只）,每组大鼠于建模后6、24、72 h ,7 d处死,采用分光光度法检测各组大鼠血清淀粉酶（AMS）、脂肪酶（LPS）活性,通过TUNEL染色和流式细胞技术测定胰腺组织细胞死亡并分析细胞周期分布特点,Western blot测定胰腺组织Bcl‐2、Bax蛋白的表达。结果撞击组大鼠LPS活性升高时相点晚于AMS且持续时间较长,TUNEL染色、流式细胞检测、Western blot结果揭示胰腺创伤可诱导胰腺组织细胞凋亡和代偿性增生。胰腺细胞增殖变化特点表明胰腺创伤后的最佳治疗时间是发病24 h内。结论同时检测AMS和L PS有助于判定胰腺的外分泌功能受损情况。