No allelic association between Parkinson's disease and dopamine D2, D3, and D4 receptor gene polymorphisms

Parkinson's disease is thought to be caused by a combination of unknown environmental, genetic, and degenerative factors. Evidence from necropsy brain samples and pharmacokinetics suggests involvement of dopamine receptors in the pathogenesis or pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease. Genetic association studies between Parkinson's disease and dopamine D2, D3 and D4 receptor gene polymorphisms were conducted. The polymorphism was examined in 71 patients with Parkinson's disease and 90 controls. There were no significant differences between two groups in allele frequencies at the D2, D3, and D4 dopamine receptor loci. Our findings do not support the hypothesis that susceptibility to Parkinson's disease is associated with the dopamine receptor polymorphisms examined. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Approaches to functional genomics: potential of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization--time of flight mass spectrometry combined with separation methods for the analysis of DNA in biological samples

MALDI-TOF MS has potential as a valuable technique in DNA mapping studies and may well be complementary to other approaches to DNA analysis such as gel electrophoresis and sequencing. This study used 2,6-dihydroxyacetophenone (DHAP) mixed with diammonium hydrogen citrate (DAHC) as the matrix. In addition, recent technical advances such as time lag focussing (TLF) and better selection of matrices (such as 3-hydroxypicolinic acid (3 HPA) and picolinic acid (PA)) extended the range of DNA fragments that can be studied by this approach. The following samples were investigated: Poly-T mixture (dT 15, 19, 20, 25, 74 and 75), plasmid pBR322 derived oligonucleotides (10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 19, 20 and 50 nucleotides long) and DNA fragments of 25, 36 and 37 base pairs corresponding to a fragment in the restriction map for the gene corresponding to the hexon protein of Adenovirus 2 and 5. The results were contrasted with similar analyses performed by ion-paired reversed-phase HPLC coupled to on-line electrospray mass spectrometry.     

Bone-particle-impregnated bone cement: an in vivo weight-bearing study

To evaluate an experimental inorganic-bone-particle-impregnated bone cement, canine hip prostheses were implanted in dogs using a regular bone cement on one side and the experimental bone cement on the other. In a preliminary feasibility study, bone ingrowth into the resorbed bone-particle spaces was established 3 months after implantation in three dogs. In a more detailed study, twenty-eight (28) dogs were divided in four groups to delineate the effects of time on the phenomena of bony ingrowth. One month after implantation, active bone ingrowth into the bone cement was obvious. By 3 months postimplantation, the ingrowth appeared to have traversed the thickness of the bone-particle-impregnated cement. By the fifth month, most of the interconnected inorganic bone particles were replaced by new bone. At the end of a year, the ingrown bone was mature and negligible new bone activity was present. Biomechanical pushout tests closely corroborated the histologic observations. The maximum shear strength of the cement/bone interface of the experimental side reached 3.6 times that of the control side at 5 months postimplantation. No further improvements were seen at 12 months postimplantation. A viable bone/cement interface may result in a better orthopedic implant fixation system by combining the advantages of both cement for immediate rigidity and biological ingrowth for longterm stability.     

精神科住院病人异质性团体治疗初探

目的：探讨在精神科住院病人中异质性团体治疗的运用。方法：收集不同诊断的住院病人，分析精神科住院病人团体治疗的组成、创建，并通过案例报告探讨治疗过程。结果：团体的开放性、异质性、隐私性和疗效评价是评价团体治疗的重要因素。结论：可以在中国精神科住院病人中推广团体治疗。     

The lack of effect of histamine on spontaneous activity in the isolated human myometrium

The effects of histamine on the spontaneous activity of the isolated human myometrium were studied. Both the frequency and force of contractions of the muscle strips were not significantly altered by histamine. The presence of either a histamine H₁-or H₂-receptor antagonist in the organ bath did not significantly change the responses of the uterine muscle to histamine. These findings suggest that histamine has negligible effects on the human myometrium, possibly due to the absence, or paucity, of histamine receptors.     

胃复安与下丘脑-垂体-甲状腺轴的关系及临床意义

下丘脑分泌的促甲状腺激素释放激素(Thyrotropin—releasing hormone，TRH)促进垂体促甲状腺激素(Thyrotropin，TSH)的合成和释放，而多巴胺(Dopamine，DA)和生长抑素(Somatostatin，SST)抑制TSH的合成和释放，甲状腺激素也对TSH产生反馈抑制作用。甲状腺功能减退患者，伴随多巴胺能神经元功能(Dopaminergietone)的降低和TSH基础水平升高。胃复安(Metoclopramide，MCP)是多巴胺第二受体拮抗剂，能加速提高甲低患者血TSH水平，特别是当运用于分化型甲癌(Differentiated thyroid carcinoma，DTC)病人时，能缩短停用左旋甲状腺素(L—thyroxine，L—T4)的时间和减轻甲状腺机能减退所致的症状和体征，有助于对DTC病灶的^131I显像诊断和^131I治疗。     

Family-based association study between autism and glutamate receptor 6 gene in Chinese Han trios.

The glutamate pathways are involved in diverse processes such as learning and memory, epilepsy, and they play important roles in neural plasticity, neural development, and neurodegeneration. It has been proposed that autism could be a hypoglutamatergic disorder. Recently, Jamain et al. reported that the glutamate receptor 6 (GluR6 or GRIK2) is in linkage disequilibrium with autism. In the present study, the transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) and the haplotype transmission were performed to analyze the four SNPs (SNP1: rs995640; SNP2: rs2227281; SNP3: rs2227283; SNP4: rs2235076) of GluR6 in 174 Chinese Han parent-offspring trios. The TDT demonstrated that the two SNPs (SNP2 and SNP3) showed preferential transmission (TDT P = 0.032). The global chi(2) test for haplotype transmission also revealed an association between GluR6 and autism (chi(2) = 10.78, df = 3, P = 0.013). Our results suggested that GluR6 is in linkage disequilibrium with autism.     

尺动脉腕背支升支皮瓣的应用解剖学研究

目的　为临床应用尺动脉腕背支升支皮瓣修复手部创面 ,提高治疗效果提供解剖学基础。方法　用新鲜成人男性上肢标本 1 6侧 ,采用显微解剖学技术 ,对尺动脉腕背支升支的起始、走行、分支及分布进行解剖学观察和测量。结果　尺动脉腕背支起始于尺动脉的尺侧 ,距豌豆骨上方 4 2 .6 0± 8.2 0mm ,起始处外径1 .4 6± 0 .32mm ,长 1 1 .4 6± 8.2 0mm。尺动脉腕背支与尺神经手背支伴行 ,穿过尺侧腕屈肌腱的深面 ,从掌侧向后内侧斜行 ,两者成锐角 ,平均 38.6 0± 8.2 0°,行至 1 1 .4 6mm处分为升支与降支。升支穿深筋膜进入皮下组织 ,沿前臂内侧缘上行 1 2 2 .4 0± 1 3.80mm处再分为细小分支 ,升支起始部的外径为 0 .6 2± 0 .2 8mm。结论　尺动脉腕背支升支皮瓣是以尺动脉腕背支升支为蒂 ,可在前臂尺侧设计大面积岛状皮瓣 ,通过转位修复腕部和手部创伤及挛缩瘢痕切除术后的创面 ,不牺牲前臂主要血管 ,手术操作易于掌握     

Optimizing beam weights and wedge filters with the concept of the super-omni wedge

This study introduces a new concept, the super-omni wedge, and proposes an algorithm for optimizing beam weights, wedge angles, and wedge orientations on the basis of this new concept. The super-omni wedge is a generalization of the omni wedge. Instead of combining one open beam and two orthogonal wedged beams, it uses two orthogonal pairs of nominal wedged beams to generate a wedged dose distribution with an arbitrary wedge angle and an arbitrary wedge orientation. The orientations of a pair of nominal wedges are opposite each other. In this way, the effective wedge orientation can vary from 0 degrees to 360 degrees rather than being restricted to one quadrant. When the concept of the super-omni wedge is used, the optimization of beam weights, wedge angles, and wedge orientations for J beams is transformed into the optimization of beam weights for 4J beams. A quadratic dose-based objective function is defined, and the method of sequential quadratic programming is used to find the 4J beam weights that minimize it. After the weights of the nominal wedged beams have been determined, the beams can be delivered in one of four methods: Directly, by using the omni wedge technique, by using the universal wedge technique, and by using the virtual wedge technique. When tested with two clinical cases, the algorithm achieved homogeneous dose distributions in target volumes while meeting the constraints to the organs at risk. A prominent feature of the algorithm is that there is no need to manually preselect the orientations of nominal wedges.