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41.
Because of the insecure status of knowledge about the actual pathomorphologic changes that occur in whiplash injury, the diagnosis, therapy, and expert assessment of its sequelae still present considerable problems. These are further compounded by the high incidence of this injury in Germany and the very good insurance cover the persons concerned generally have. The initial diagnostic examinations should include a detailed and well-documented clinical examination, and the most precise record possible of how the injury was sustained should be elicited. Plain X-rays are standard diagnostic procedures; functional X-rays and MRI are recommended when instability is suspected or neurological symptoms are present. The first aim of treatment must be the relief or attenuation of pain, followed by improvement of the function. Immobilization of the cervical spine by means of a Schanz collar is rather detrimental. Varied vegetative symptoms require the involvement of different specialists in the treatment at an early stage. Expert assessment for insurance purposes is complicated because the consequences of the accident cannot be objectified, and expecially because the insurance companies require differentiation between the degenerative changes that were present before the injury was sustained in many cases and the symptoms actually caused by the injury.  相似文献   
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BACKGROUND: For the first time, microdialysis was used to investigate in vivo and online the myocardial metabolism during and after cardiac surgery in patients treated with two different methods of myocardial protection. METHODS: Thirty patients underwent standard CABG with one of two different methods of myocardial protection. The patients were randomised to receive either cold blood (COLD group) or warm modified Calafiore cardioplegia (WARM group). Microdialysis probes were implanted into the myocardium of left ventricular apical region of the heart. Cardioplegia was given antegrade only. Microdialysis measurements were performed at time intervals before, during and 24 h after cardiopulmonary bypass and analysed for glucose, lactate, pyruvate and glycerol. RESULTS: Myocardial lactate concentrations were significantly higher in the WARM group compared with that of the COLD group, while serum lactate was comparable. Glycerol was significantly higher at the end of the clamping time in the WARM group. At the same time the glucose-lactate ratio as a marker of nutritional disorder had significantly lower levels in the WARM group. The cumulative CK-MB release over 24 h was significantly higher in those hearts protected with warm blood. CONCLUSIONS: The oxidative stress measured was significantly higher in patients undergoing CABG using modified Calafiore cardioplegia, whereas the cold cardioplegia minimised the effects of aortic clamping. The results indicate that cold cardioplegia offers superior protection of the heart, in terms of more rapid normalisation of myocardial metabolism. In elective myocardial revascularisation, intermittent antegrade warm blood cardioplegia is a comparable safe method of myocardial protection. However, in patients referring to a long clamping time, advantages of cold cardioplegia for myocardial revascularisation may be magnified.  相似文献   
44.
Zusammenfassung. Die Umsetzung radikaler onkologischer Grunds?tze der Tumorchirurgie mit laparoskopischen Operationsmethoden ist zur Zeit nicht gesichert. Minimal-invasive Techniken für die R0-Resektion maligner Tumoren stehen noch in der Phase der kritischen Evaluation. Dagegen sind laparoskopische, palliative Eingriffe zur Minimierung des Operationstraumas durchaus indiziert. Eine Vielzahl von Publikationen belegt die technische Durchführbarkeit bei vertretbarem Operationsrisiko und verkürztem Krankenhausaufenthalt. Trotzdem wird aus verschiedenen Gründen (Voroperationen, unsichere Resektabilit?t, Einsatz interventioneller Methoden etc.) das laparoskopische Vorgehen zur Palliation maligner Tumoren offenbar nur in kleinen Patientenserien realisiert. Am h?ufigsten wird über die palliative Anlage von Gastro- oder Jejunostomien zur enteralen Ern?hrung berichtet. Bei pr?operativ gesicherter Palliativsituation lie?e sich der Anteil laparoskopischer Operationen sehr wahrscheinlich steigern, wenn das minimal-invasive Vorgehen im differentialtherapeutischen Spektrum fester verankert wird. Für den laparoskopisch erfahrenen Chirurgen sind die Methoden in der Regel technisch einfach durchführbar. Der unmittelbare Nutzen für den Patienten nach palliativ-laparoskopischer Resektion tumortragender Abschnitte des Gastrointestinaltrakts ist derzeit noch nicht gesichert. Wenn die Inkurabilit?t w?hrend einer diagnostischen Laparoskopie festgestellt wird, bietet sich die unmittelbar anschlie?ende, laparoskopische Palliation in gleicher Sitzung an.   相似文献   
45.
The purpose of this study was (a) evaluation of dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging of normal bone marrow versus malignant bone marrow infiltrations in patients with proven B-cell-type chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) and (b) correlation with the clinical stage according to Binet (stages A, B, C) and response to therapy. Bone marrow imaging of the lumbar spine, pelvis, and proximal femurs was performed at 1.5 T in 45 patients without known malignancy and in 30 patients with B-CLL. The differences between opposed-phase and in-phase dynamic gradient-echo sequences before and up to 10 minutes after intravenous application of .1 mmol/kg body weight of gadolinium-diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (Gd-DTPA) were evaluated in normal bone marrow. The contrast-enhancement patterns of normal and malignant bone marrow were compared using the opposed-phase dynamic gradient-echo sequence. Ten of the patients with bone marrow infiltrations (Binet stage C) additionally underwent MR imaging follow-up during therapy. Opposed-phase gradient echo sequences demonstrated a signal decrease of normal bone marrow, and in-phase gradient echo sequences demonstrated a signal increase of normal bone marrow after administration of Gd-DTPA. The dynamic signal intensity time courses differed significantly (P < .05) between Binet stages B and C and controls as well as among the three Binet stages of B-CLL. In the 10 patients followed during therapy, MR imaging sensitively demonstrated response (n = 6), nonresponse (n = 2), or relapse after initial response (n = 2). In out-of-phase imaging, both normal bone marrow and initial bone marrow infiltration in CLL stage Binet A show signal decrease after administration of contrast agent, whereas there is increase in signal intensity in higher-grade bone marrow infiltration in Binet stage B or C disease. The signal loss of normal bone marrow in out-of-phase imaging is a phase effect rather than a T2* effect. The differentiation of initial from higher-grade bone marrow infiltration on out-of-phase images relies solely on a shift in the fat/water ratio.  相似文献   
46.
Aesthetics are as valuable in the posterior region as they are in the anterior. While the former is sometimes overlooked due to the limited visibility of posterior teeth, it is important that the clinician follow guidelines to ensure a high-quality restoration in this region. Restoring posterior teeth with direct resin can be accomplished through conservative and aesthetic treatment; however, it can also be challenging and time consuming to achieve exceptional aesthetics. Highlighting the importance of occlusal anatomy to the success of a direct resin restoration, this presentation outlines requisites to achieve this result. Learning Objectives: This article discusses guidelines for the aesthetic buildup of posterior restorations with direct resin techniques. Upon reading this article, the reader should Realize how the aesthetics of posterior restorations can be enhanced through the application of intensive composite shades. Understand the importance of occlusal design when building the restoration.  相似文献   
47.
Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder with onset in childhood and rapid progression. There is no causative and insufficient symptomatic drug therapy. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the internal pallidum (GPi) has been reported to improve motor function. Most case reports, however, are limited to short observational periods. The impact of DBS on the progression and life expectancy in PKAN is unknown. We present a 5-year outcome and video documentation of bilateral GPi-DBS of an adolescent patient suffering from genetically defined PKAN.  相似文献   
48.
Dopamine agonists have been recommended as early treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD), alone or combined with levodopa. Piribedil is a non-ergot selective D(2)/D(3) agonist with alpha(2) antagonist properties shown to be effective in the treatment of PD. This 12-month international, randomized, double-blind trial aimed to assess the efficacy of piribedil 150 mg versus bromocriptine 25 mg, in early combination with levodopa in Stage I to III PD patients. Motor efficacy was assessed using the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS III, Items 18-31) as improvement from baseline. Response rate was defined as a 30% improvement. Among the 425 randomly assigned patients, 178 were also included in a substudy on cognitive follow-up evaluated by a dysexecutive syndrome oriented battery. A relevant improvement in UPDRS III over the 12-month study duration was observed both in the piribedil and bromocriptine groups (-7.9 +/- 9.7 points from baseline versus -8.0 +/- 9.5; not significant [n.s.]) with a response rate of 58.4% and 55.3% (n.s.), respectively. Piribedil and bromocriptine resulted in similar improvement on all UPDRS III subscores. Piribedil patients required less levodopa dose increase than those on bromocriptine. Cognitive performance remained generally unchanged in both groups, with a significant effect of piribedil limited to the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. An overall good tolerability of piribedil was observed. Early combination of piribedil 150 mg with levodopa resulted in significant long-term improvement of all motor symptoms in PD patients insufficiently controlled by levodopa alone. Taking into account both efficacy and acceptability in the long-term, piribedil proved in this bromocriptine controlled study to be an effective and safe treatment for PD.  相似文献   
49.
Sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is an idiopathic human degenerative disease of spinal cord and brain motor neurons. Prior studies demonstrated that most patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis posses immunoglobulins that bind to purified L-type voltage-gated calcium channels, that titers of anti–voltage-gated calcium channel antibodies correlate with disease progression rates, and that amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patient-derived antibodies (ALS IgG) produce electrophysiological changes in the function of voltage-gated calcium channels. Using Western transfer immunoblots and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, the calcium ionophore–forming α1 subunig of the voltage-gated calcium channel is now identified as the major voltage-gated calcium channel antigen to which ALS IgG binds. Additionally, the binding of an L-type voltage-gated calcium channel α1 subunit–directed monoclonal antibody, which itself mimics the effects of ALS IgG on skeletal muscle voltage-gated calcium channel currents, is selectively prevented by preaddition of ALS IgG. Voltage-gated calcium channel–binding IgG from patients with Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome appears to be differentiated from ALS IgG by the reactivity of the former to both α1 and β subunits of the calcium channel. These assays provide further evidence linking amyotrophic lateral sclerosis to an autoimmune process, and suggest one means to differentiate immunoglobulins from patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis from those of patients with another autoimmune disease expressing calcium channel antibodies.  相似文献   
50.
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