校园网络环境下的病理生理学自主学习模式研究

目的探讨校园网络环境下的病理生理学自主学习模式。方法随机选取学院2012级临床医学6-7班、10-11班分别为对照组(传统教学模式)和教改组。教改组实施以网络为依托的"联组-整合、自主探究、合作交流"的自主学习模式,对学生考核成绩进行对比分析和问卷调查。结果教改组学生成绩高于对照组,学生的自主学习能力明显提高(P<0.05)。结论以网络为依托的"联组-整合、自主探究、合作交流"的自主学习模式可以实现以学助教,有利于学生的终身发展。     

直肠癌术中骶前大出血的防治

目的 探讨直肠癌根治术中骶前静脉丛大出血的预防和处理方法.方法 回顾性分析本院2001年1月至2007年12月收治的42例直肠癌术中骶前静脉丛大出血的临床资料.结果 42例骶前静脉丛大出血中40例止血成功,2例死亡,Miles术35例,Dixon术7例,30例出血量为900～8000 mL.结论 手术操作不当是导致骶前大出血的主要原因,按盆腔解剖结构正确操作是预防出血的关键,术中压迫法和术后纱布填塞法是处理骶前大出血最有效的方法.     

全麻术后双侧气胸并皮下气肿一例

一、临床资料 患者系女性，22岁。主因“左侧头痛十余天”入院。既往体健；无烟酒等嗜好：无家族遗传病史。入院查体体重60kg，身高1．63m，T35．7℃，P72次／分，R18次／分，BP103／68mmhg，气管居中，胸廓对称无畸形，双肺呼吸音清，未闻及下湿罗音。     

带隐神经小腿内侧筋膜皮支皮瓣修复重度虎口挛缩应用体会

自1997年以来,我们采用带隐神经小腿内侧筋膜皮支皮瓣修复重度虎口挛缩7例,重建虎口外形美观,感觉恢复,临床效果满意.现报告如下.     

带锁髓内钉治疗胫骨多段骨折21例

目的 介绍带锁髓内钉治疗胫骨多段骨折的临床经验。方法 应用带瞄准器的带锁髓内钉治疗21例胫骨多段骨折，手术采用小切口开放复位，用瞄准器锁定骨折远近端。结果 平均随访15．5个月，按Johner-Wruch功能评价标准，优18例，良3例。1例延迟愈合，2例软组织感染。结论 带锁髓内钉治疗胫骨多段骨折疗效满意。操作简单。     

内结扎法腹腔镜巨脾切除联合选择性贲门周围血管离断术

目的总结腹腔镜下内结扎法巨脾切除联合选择性贲门周围血管离断术的经验。方法采用丝线结扎结合超声刀或LigaSure，进行腹腔镜巨脾切除和选择性贲门周围血管离断术治疗门静脉高压症并发食管胃底静脉曲张6例。结果6例手术全部镜下顺利完成，术中出血量80-200ml，平均130ml，无输血，无中转开腹，手术时间150-210min平均190min。无并发症，术后5天恢复正常活动。术后随访3—10个月，平均8个月，无再发出血。结论应用内结扎法腹腔镜巨脾切除联合选择性贲门周围血管离断术治疗门静脉高压症安全有效，出血少，微创。     

低位直肠癌根治性切除套入式吻合保肛术231例临床研究

目的探讨套入式结肠直肠黏膜吻合保肛术治疗中低位直肠癌的可行性和安全性及临床疗效。方法对231例中低位直肠癌经腹肛门根治性切除行套人式结肠直肠黏膜吻合保肛术进行回顾性分析。结果231例术后随访率为85．3％（197／231）,中位随访时间为5．9年（2个月-14年）。术后发生吻合口瘘8例（3．4％）,吻合口狭窄3例（1．2％）,术后12—24周时排便功能基本恢复正常。术后局部复发率为5．1％（10／197）,肝转移率为15．2％（30／197）。肺转移率为2．5％（5／197）,术后5年总体生存率为71．6％。结论套入式吻合保肛术既能减少吻合口瘘发生,又可保留良好的肛门排便控制功能,可显著提高患者术后生活质量,是中低位直肠癌一种安全有效的保肛术式。     

Effects of Volatile Anesthetics on Glutamate Transporter, Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter Type 3: The Role of Protein Kinase C

Background: Glutamate transporters play an important role in maintaining extracellular glutamate homeostasis. The authors studied the effects of volatile anesthetics on one type of glutamate transporters, excitatory amino acid transporter type 3 (EAAT3), and the role of protein kinase C in mediating these effects.

Methods: Excitatory amino acid transporter type 3 was expressed in Xenopus oocytes by injection of EAAT3 mRNA. Using two-electrode voltage clamp, membrane currents were recorded before, during, and after application of l-glutamate. Responses were quantified by integrating the current trace and are reported as microcoulombs. Data are mean +/- SEM.

Results: l-Glutamate-induced responses were increased gradually with the increased concentrations of isoflurane, a volatile anesthetic. At 0.52 and 0.70 mm isoflurane, the inward current was significantly increased compared with control. Isoflurane (0.70 mm) significantly increased Vmax (maximum velocity) (3.6 +/- 0.4 to 5.1 +/- 0.4 [mu]C;P < 0.05) but not Km (Michoelis-Menten Constant) (55.4 +/- 17.0 vs. 61.7 +/- 13.6 [mu]m;P > 0.05) of EAAT3 for glutamate compared with control. Treatment of the oocytes with phorbol-12-myrisate-13-acetate, a protein kinase C activator, caused a significant increase in transporter current (1.7 +/- 0.2 to 2.5 +/- 0.2 [mu]C;P < 0.05). Responses in the presence of the combination of phorbol-12-myrisate-13-acetate and volatile anesthetics (isoflurane, halothane, or sevoflurane) were not greater than those when volatile anesthetic was present alone. Oocytes pretreated with any of the three protein kinase C inhibitors alone (chelerythrine, staurosporine, or calphostin C) did not affect basal transporter current. Although chelerythrine did not change the anesthetic effects on the activity of EAAT3, staurosporine or calphostin C abolished the anesthetic-induced increase of EAAT3 activity.     

内窥镜下直接经蝶入路切除垂体腺瘤

目的 探讨内窥镜控制下直接经蝶入路切除垂体腺瘤的方法。方法 22例垂体腺瘤患者,在内窥镜控制下,经单鼻孔进入,术中不切除鼻中隔,直接自蝶窦开口打开蝶突前壁,进一步经鞍底切除垂体腺瘤。结果 22例患者中,15例肿瘤全部切除,7例肿瘤次全切除。术后随访1－12个月,17例患者内分泌功能恢复正常。4例术后发生暂时性尿崩症。结论 内窥镜控制下直接经蝶切除垂体腺瘤入路与目前常规经蝶显微手术比较,入路途径较短,且安全简捷、损伤小,手术显露良好,术后反应小,值得进一步推广。     

Improved GFR estimation by combined creatinine and cystatin C measurements

Plasma creatinine may not reflect glomerular filtration rate (GFR) especially in the early stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Plasma cystatin C (cysC), however, has the potential to more accurately determine early GFR reduction. We sought to improve the creatinine-based GFR estimation by including cysC measurements. We derived a reference GFR from standard dual plasma sampling (99m)Tc-DTPA clearance in a training cohort of 376 randomly selected adult Chinese patients with CKD. We compared reference values to estimated GFR and applied multiple regression models to one equation based solely on cysC, and to another combining plasma creatinine (Pcr) and cysC measurements of the training cohort. The results were validated by testing an additional 191 patients. The difference, precision, and accuracy of the two estimates were compared with the modified Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equation for Chinese patients, and another estimate combining cysC and modified MDRD calculations. The estimated GFR combining Pcr and cysC measurements more accurately matched the reference GFR at all stages of CKD than the other equations, particularly in patients with near-normal kidney function.