肺栓塞疑似病人咳血的原因

当病人出现咳血、胸膜痛等症状，一般都会诊断为肺栓塞。现在有一种趋势就是为了不耽误病人的治疗，在诊断阶段还没有彻底的检查就开始治疗。通常早期使用肝素来减少可疑为肺栓塞病人的死亡率和发病率。然而，如道其它一些并不常见的咳血的原因也非常重要。     

Forehead anatomy: arterial variations and venous link of the midline forehead flap.

The largest prospective cadaver study done over a 3-year period to investigate the arterial variations of the forehead is presented. The primary goal was to find anatomical support for various forehead flaps previously designed. Thirty cadaver foreheads (60 hemi-foreheads) were dissected from deep to superficial to identify arterial variations. The arteries were filled with a latex solution prior to dissection. The results show that the supratrochlear and dorsal nasal arteries have a relatively constant origin. Vertical (VB), oblique (OB), medial (MB) and lateral branches (LB) of the supraorbital artery were identified. The frontal branch of the superficial temporal artery (FBSTA) was found to continue in the direction of the scalp at the lateral orbital rim vertical line and gave off a transverse branch, the transverse frontal artery (TFA), to supply the forehead. The oblique branch of the supraorbital artery (OBSOA) most often anastomosed with either the transverse frontal artery or the frontal branch of the superficial temporal artery at the lateral orbital rim vertical line. A central artery (CA) was consistently found originating from the dorsal nasal artery usually 5mm from its origin. The central artery had a constant anastomosis with the opposite central artery in the inferior transverse third of the forehead. The central artery was not easily identifiable in the superior third of the forehead. The angular artery (AA) was found to have a variable termination. The angular artery could communicate with the supratrochlear artery (STrA) at the supraorbital rim (SOR) or it could continue up into the forehead medial to the STrA. This artery was called the paracentral artery (PCA). The central artery, paracentral artery and supratrochlear artery have an important relationship with the most prominent central vein that is relevant to flap construction. The significance of the central artery and vein favours the median forehead flap as anatomically superior and the prominent central vein is a constant landmark on which to select the side of the pedicle. Clear landmarks for defining the pedicle base for the median forehead flap are provided.     

Lobar Pulmonary Edema Due to Mitral Regurgitation: Diagnosis by Echocardiography

A bstract One etiology of unilateral lobar pulmonary edema is mitral regurgitation. Echocardiography is able to demonstrate the retrograde flow of blood into the pulmonary veins and allows timely diagnosis and treatment planning. Correction of mitral regurgitation is followed by resolution of the radiographic abnormality.     

Characterization and phenotypic analysis of differentiating CD34+human bone marrow cells in liquid culture

Abstract: Our current understanding of human haematopoietic stem cell biology is based in part on the characterization of human CD34⁺ bone marrow cell differentiation in vitro. CD34 is highly expressed on early stem cells and haematopoietic progenitor cells with clonogenic potential and is gradually lost during differentiation and commitment. However, CD71 (transferrin receptor) is expressed at low levels on early stem cells and generally increases during haematopoietic progenitor cell proliferation. We reasoned that the combination of these surface markers would provide a useful framework for the simultaneous analysis of multiple lineage differentiation of CD34⁺ haematopoietic progenitor cells in liquid culture. In this report, we identify the phenotype of distinct subpopulations of myeloid, erythroid and lymphoid cells in liquid suspension culture using differential expression of CD34 vs. CD71 in combination with specific lineage markers. Freshly isolated human CD34⁺ bone marrow cells were introduced into suspension culture and monitored over a 6-d period using 3-colour flow cytometry. This is the first demonstration that differential expression of CD34 vs. CD71 can be used to simultaneously monitor differentiation of multiple haematopoietic cell lineages in liquid suspension culture, facilitating the study of cytokine-, drug- or chemical-induced alterations in haematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation in vitro.     

A protocol for the urine dipstick/pad method.

The urinary tract accounts for nearly one third of all infections in the long-term care setting. This article reviews factors that influence nitrite and leukocyte esterase results obtained from traditional urine dipstick analysis for assessment of urinary tract infections in elderly long-term care residents. This article also proposes a protocol for a urine dipstick pressed into an incontinence pad as an alternative to dipstick analysis of a clean-catch or catheterized urine specimen.