X线引导下乳腺穿刺活检对触诊阴性病变的诊断意义及其适应证

目的探讨X线引导下乳腺穿刺活检对于临床触诊阴性病变的诊断意义及其适应证。方法对84例乳腺X线摄影发现临床触诊阴性的乳腺病变患者进行术前三维立体钩丝定位术,并取得病理结果。对乳腺影像报告数据系统（BI-RADS）分类不同的良、恶性病变进行统计学分析。结果临床触诊阴性乳腺病变X线摄影表现为钙化、肿块、结构紊乱等。按BI-RADS分类,本组病变为3~5类,且以4类为主,占89.29%（75/84）。4B类与4C类病变恶性率差异无统计学意义（χ2=2.15,P〉0.05）,但显著高于4A类（χ2=101.7,P〈0.05）。结论对BI-RADS分类为4B以上病灶应进行X线引导下乳腺穿刺活检。     

暹罗鳄鱼鳞胶原蛋白多肽对小鼠免疫功能的影响

目的 观察暹罗鳄鱼鳞胶原蛋白多肽对小鼠免疫功能的影响.方法 采用环磷酰胺为免疫抑制剂,获得免疫功能低下的小鼠动物模型.比较小鼠服用胶原蛋白前后,小鼠T淋巴细胞增殖功能、NK细胞的杀伤功能以及小鼠碳粒廓清能力.结果 胶原蛋白多肽对免疫功能低下小鼠T淋巴细胞的增殖功能、NK细胞的杀伤活性,均具有免疫增强作用（P ＜0.05）,并呈剂量依赖性.结论鳄鱼鳞胶原蛋白多肽具有正向调节小鼠免疫功能的能力.     

乳头括约肌小切开联合气囊扩张术对不规则乳头的胆总管结石患者的疗效观察

目的 观察乳头括约肌小切开联合气囊扩张术对不规则乳头(合并憩室50例、手术后43例、无明确病因的肠腔走行异常10例)的胆总管结石(CDS)患者的疗效.方法 2007年7月至2010年3月103例不规则乳头的CDS患者随机分为3组,3组间一般情况无显著性差异(P＞0.05).34例行乳头括约肌切开术(EST组);34例行乳头气囊扩张术(EBD组);35例行乳头括约肌小切开联合气囊扩张术(EST+ EBD组).均根据实际情况在乳头治疗后行取石网篮和(或)气囊取石,部分患者以碎石网篮碎石后取石,少数巨大结石无法一次性取石仅放置塑料支架.结果 96例ERCP成功;EST小切开联合EBD与单纯EST比较,虽然一次性取石成功率无明显差异,但却显著降低了术后并发症的发生率,尤其是出血发生率(P＜0.05);较单纯EBD,则显著提高了一次性取石成功率(P＜0.05),减少了碎石网篮使用率,且明显降低了术后急性胰腺炎的发生率(P＜0.05).结论 不规则乳头的胆总管结石患者ERCP成功率仍较高;EST小切开联合EBD对不规则乳头CDS患者维持了较高的一次性取石成功率,减少了术中、术后的并发症.     

持续颅内压监护和脑灌注压监护在重型颅脑损伤中的临床应用

目的探讨持续颅内压（intracranial pressure,ICP）监护和脑灌注压（cerebral perfusionpressure,CPP）监护在重型颅脑损伤患者诊疗中的临床作用。方法临床上采用脑实质内ICP探头置入术,对60例重型颅脑损伤患者进行了持续ICP监护和CPP监护,根据ICP和CPP的变化给予相应治疗。结果根据GOS评分,随访发现预后良好24例（40%）;中残8例（13.3%）,重残4例（6.7%）,植物状态2例（3.3%）,死亡22例（36.7%）。结论持续ICP监护和CPP监护有利于颅脑损伤患者的病情观察,指导脱水药的使用,提高疗效,减少并发症。     

单人裸眼建立大鼠原位肝移植模型

目的 探讨单人裸眼建立大鼠原位肝移植模型的学习曲线.方法 将作者不同阶段制作该模型的600例手术资料进行归纳总结,比较各阶段的供体时间、冷灌注时间、无肝期、手术成功率、1周存活率、长期存活率以及手术并发症的差异.结果 第Ⅰ阶段各手术操作时间均较后三阶段长,其差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).手术成功率从第Ⅰ阶段的26.7％逐渐上升至第Ⅳ阶段的接近100.0％,1周存活率以及长期存活率均稳步提高.手术并发症主要为早期的血管并发症以及晚期的胆道并发症.第Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ阶段的手术死亡率较第Ⅰ阶段大幅下降,手术并发症的发生率也逐步下降,建立模型的技术逐渐稳定.结论 初学者经过系统的持之以恒的训练学习,可逐渐掌握大鼠原位肝移植模型建立的技术要领.     

定制型肱骨近端假体结合人工补片重建肩关节的疗效分析

目的 探讨肱骨近端骨肿瘤保肢术中使用人工补片重建盂肱关节囊的手术方法及其对稳定肩关节、预防术后肱骨头脱位的效果.方法 2006年2月至2009年1月,回顾性分析接受定制型肱骨近端假体结合聚丙烯非降解性人工补片重建肩关节的患者12例,男7例,女5例;年龄21～55岁,平均38岁.肿瘤类型:骨巨细胞瘤9例,骨肉瘤1例,软骨肉瘤2例.9例骨巨细胞瘤患者中3例为Campanacci Ⅱ期,6例为Campanacci Ⅲ期;1例骨肉瘤患者为Enneking ⅡB期;2例软骨肉瘤患者均为Enneking Ⅱ A期.采用国际骨与软组织肿瘤协会(MSTS)功能评估标准评价术后肩关节功能.结果 患者均获得随访,随访时间24～52个月,平均35个月.手术出血量150～500 ml,平均254 ml;手术时间150～200 min,平均172 min.术后患者肩关节前屈20°～60°,平均41°;外展20°～70°,平均42°.MSTS评分为53%～77%,平均66%.术后无一例患者出现臂丛损伤、切口感染及假体脱位;随访期间无一例患者出现局部复发、远处转移或死亡.结论 使用聚丙烯非降解性人工补片重建盂肱关节囊可显著减少肱骨近端骨肿瘤保肢术后肱骨头假体脱位的发生,便于周围软组织的附着和长入.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the surgical technique,postoperative function and dislocation incidence of proximal humerus reconstruction with metallic endoprostheses and polypropylene knitted nonabsorbable mesh after proximal humeral tumor resection.Methods Twenty patients with proximal humeral tumor were retrospectively reviewed.They were performed proximal humerus reconstruction with proximal humeral prosthesis and polypropylene knitted non-absorbable mesh from February 2006 to January 2009.There were 5 women and 7 men with a mean age of 38 years(range,21-55 years)at the time of surgery,and giant cell tumor in 9 patients(including Campanacci Ⅱ for 3,Campanacci Ⅲ for 6),osteosarcoma in 1(Enneking ⅡB).and chondrosarcoma in 2 (Enneking ⅡA).The operative time,blood loss,and shoulder movement postoperation were analysed.According to the assessment system by MSTS,the function of limb after surgery was assessed.Results Patients were followed clinically and radiographically for a minimum of 24 months (mean,35 months;range,24-52 months).The mean operative time was 172 min(range,150-200min).The mean blood loss was 254 ml (range,150-500 ml).There were no shoulder dislocations at final follow-up.The mean shoulder flexion was 41°(range,20°-60°)and mean shoulder abduction was 42°(range,20°-70°).The mean postoperative functional assessment score of the limb was 66%(range,53%-77%).None of the Datients had a wound infection,traction neuropraxia or died after the surgical procedure.Conclnsion The data suggests that the use of a polypropylene knitted non-absorbable mesh for proximal humerus reconstruction may reduce dislocations and facilitate soft tissue attachment after tumor resection.     

牙槽嵴裂植骨同期髂嵴软骨移植修复单侧唇裂术后鼻畸形

目的研究牙槽嵴裂植骨手术同时,利用自体髂嵴软骨修复单侧唇裂术后鼻畸形的矫治方法。方法 11～14岁的单侧完全性唇裂伴牙槽嵴裂患者,髂骨松质行牙槽嵴裂处植骨,并将髂嵴软骨移植于鼻背和鼻小柱处,修复唇裂术后鼻畸形。结果 32例患者均Ⅰ期痊愈,患侧口鼻瘘、牙槽嵴裂、鼻翼基部凹陷、鼻小柱偏斜、鼻尖低平等畸形等均得到良好的矫正。结论自体髂嵴软骨移植修复对鼻翼塌陷有良好的支持作用,可以与牙槽嵴裂手术同期施行,可有效矫正唇裂术后鼻畸形。     

肝移植术后膈肌麻痹的监测与处理

目的 总结肝移植术后膈肌麻痹致严重肺部并发症的监测与处理经验.方法 回顾性分析中山大学附属孙逸仙纪念医院2001年2月至2007年3月60例成人肝移植患者资料,探讨术后右侧膈肌麻痹所致严重呼吸道并发症的病理生理变化、临床过程及处理对策.结果 在60例肝移植患者中,有40例术后发生呼吸系统并发症,其中5例为膈肌麻痹所致.5例术后均因严重的膈肌麻痹导致反常呼吸,呼吸机支持时间延长,4例患者实施了气管切开.呼吸机支持期间同时合并发生细菌性肺炎和真菌性肺炎5例、肺不张4例、急性呼吸窘迫综合征4例、肝肺综合征4例、肺间质水肿3例.除1例于术后第31天死于急性呼吸窘迫综合征和多器官衰竭外,其余4例均治愈出院.结论 严密监测呼吸功能及正确使用呼吸机等综合治疗是肝移植术后的重要环节.如果怀疑膈神经功能不全,应延长呼吸机支持时间并早期果断实施气管切开.

Abstract：

Objective To review our experience in the diagnosis and management of paralysis of the right hemidiaphragm after liver transplantation. Methods 60 adult patients received liver transplantation from February 2001 to March 2007 in Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital were retrospectively analyzed. The pathophysiologic changes, clinical progress, and management of serious respiratory complications caused by post-transplant paralysis of the right hemidiaphragm were studied. Results Among 60 patients, 40 developed postoperative respiratory complications, and 5 were due to paralysis of the right hemidiaphragm. The 5 patients presented with paradoxical respiration and the ventilator supporting times were 14, 16, 34, 45, and 60 days, respectively. Tracheostomy was performed in 4. These patients developed pneumonia in 5, atelectasis in 4, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in 4, hepatopulmonary syndrome in 4, and pulmonay interstitial edema in 3. Among the 5 patients, 4 patients survived and 1 patient died of ARDS and multiple organs failure 31 days after the transplantation. Conclusions After liver transplantation, strict monitoring of the respiratory function and timely use of a respirator for patients with the paralysis of the hemidiaphragm is very important. For patients with suspicious hemidiaphragm paralysis, tracheostomy should be decisively performed.     

胎盘部位滋养细胞肿瘤保留生育功能的治疗

目的探讨胎盘部位滋养细胞肿瘤（PSTT）保留生育功能治疗的方法并分析其结局。方法对1999年1月至2008年10月在本院行保留生育功能治疗的5例PSTT进行回顾性分析。结果3例病理大体类型为结节息肉型,行诊刮加联合化疗有效;2例肿块型行开腹子宫病灶切除术加联合化疗有效。平均随诊47．2个月,均完全缓解（CR）无复发,月经均恢复正常。1例已成功妊娠,现宫内孕6月余。结论PSTT患者年龄〈35岁,有保留生育功能的要求,病变局限于子宫,除外子宫多发病灶（病理除外弥漫浸润型）,病理未显示不良预后因素者可试行保留生育功能的治疗。     

肾癌多中心病灶和假包膜外肿瘤浸润的病理研究

目的 探讨保留肾单位手术(NSS)治疗肾癌时肿瘤周围正常肾组织安全有效的切除范围.方法2005年10月至2008年10月肾癌标本131例,其中行肾癌根治术103例,行NSS 28例.先行大体病理检查,然后分别在肿瘤假包膜外侧和距离肿瘤边缘3、5、10、15 mm各层面取材,每个层面取4块组织,HE组织染色.观察有无肾癌多中心病灶和假包膜外肿瘤的浸润范围等病理指标,分别测量病变到肿瘤边缘的距离,并统计肿瘤大小与以上指标的相关性.结果 131例肾癌标本中,肿瘤直径＜4.0 cm者61例,均未发现肿瘤周围浸润和卫星灶.肿瘤直径4～7 cm者46例,发现肿瘤周围浸润或卫星灶3例(6.5%),其中G3透明细胞癌1例,分别在距离肿瘤10、15 mm处发现卫星灶;集合管癌1例和G3透明细胞癌伴肉瘤样癌1例距离肿瘤周围15 mm均可见肿瘤浸润生长,集合管癌患者同时伴有远处转移和肾静脉瘤栓.肿瘤直径＞7 cm者24例,有肿瘤周围浸润或卫星灶4例(16.7%),其中1例G3透明细胞癌在肿瘤周围3 mm处发现卫星灶,另3例G2、G3透明细胞癌在肿瘤周围15 mm范围发现肿瘤浸润生长;有肾静脉瘤栓4例(16.7%);远处转移2例(8.3%).肿瘤直径与肿瘤周围浸润生长和卫星灶之间呈显著相关性(P＜0.05).结论直径＜4 cm的肾癌,行距离肿瘤周围正常肾组织切除宽度小的NSS,甚至简单的肿瘤剜除术安全有效;对部分仔细选择的4～7 cm肾癌,只要技术可行能够完整切除肿瘤,采用NSS治疗合理可行;而对于＞7 cm的肾癌,不建议行NSS.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the safe and effective width of a healthy parenchymal surgical margin in nephron-sparing surgery (NSS) for renal cell carcinoma. Methods From October, 2005to October, 2008, 131 renal carcinoma specimens (103 cases performed by radical nephrectomy and 28 cases by NSS) were studied. The tissue materials were taken at the site of pseudo-capsule, 3, 5, 10,15 mm laterally from the tumor edge respectively and HE staining. Specimens were examined grossly and microscopically for multifocal tumors, infiltration of tumor pseudo-capsule and other pathological features. The correlation between the renal tumor size and the pathological features were analyzed statistically. Results There were 131 specimens of renal carcinoma. In 61 cases with tumor diameter ＜4 cm, no case (0.0%) had multifocal tumors and infiltration of tumor pseudo-capsule. In 46 cases with tumor diameter 4-7 cm, multifocal tumors were found in 3 cases (6.5%), and infiltration of tumor pseudo-capsule was found in 2 cases. Among the 46 cases there was 1 collecting duct cancer accompanied with distant metastasis and renal vein tumor embolus. In 24 cases with tumor diameter ＞7cm, multifocal tumors were found in 4 cases (16. 7%) and infiltration of tumor pseudo-capsule was found in 3 cases. Four cases (16.7%) had renal vein tumor embolus. Two cases (8.3%) had distant metastasis. The renal tumor size was apparently associated with multifocal tumors and infiltration of tumor pseudo-capsule (P＜0. 05). Conclusions Mini-margin NSS, even simple enucleoresection, is a safe and effective approach for treating localized renal tumor of ＜4 cm. For carefully selected patients with tumor 4-7 cm, NSS is reasonable and feasible. But for the patient with tumor ＞7 cm,NSS is not recommended.