全文获取类型
收费全文 | 6651篇 |
免费 | 343篇 |
国内免费 | 31篇 |
专业分类
耳鼻咽喉 | 33篇 |
儿科学 | 80篇 |
妇产科学 | 88篇 |
基础医学 | 1019篇 |
口腔科学 | 62篇 |
临床医学 | 609篇 |
内科学 | 1215篇 |
皮肤病学 | 150篇 |
神经病学 | 749篇 |
特种医学 | 381篇 |
外科学 | 1118篇 |
综合类 | 18篇 |
一般理论 | 1篇 |
预防医学 | 231篇 |
眼科学 | 100篇 |
药学 | 477篇 |
中国医学 | 8篇 |
肿瘤学 | 686篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 32篇 |
2022年 | 59篇 |
2021年 | 90篇 |
2020年 | 74篇 |
2019年 | 103篇 |
2018年 | 123篇 |
2017年 | 117篇 |
2016年 | 153篇 |
2015年 | 155篇 |
2014年 | 209篇 |
2013年 | 276篇 |
2012年 | 366篇 |
2011年 | 452篇 |
2010年 | 267篇 |
2009年 | 276篇 |
2008年 | 434篇 |
2007年 | 476篇 |
2006年 | 447篇 |
2005年 | 480篇 |
2004年 | 459篇 |
2003年 | 457篇 |
2002年 | 400篇 |
2001年 | 107篇 |
2000年 | 57篇 |
1999年 | 80篇 |
1998年 | 95篇 |
1997年 | 75篇 |
1996年 | 54篇 |
1995年 | 49篇 |
1994年 | 46篇 |
1993年 | 44篇 |
1992年 | 31篇 |
1991年 | 28篇 |
1990年 | 27篇 |
1989年 | 39篇 |
1988年 | 30篇 |
1987年 | 18篇 |
1986年 | 19篇 |
1985年 | 25篇 |
1984年 | 18篇 |
1983年 | 15篇 |
1982年 | 20篇 |
1981年 | 23篇 |
1980年 | 19篇 |
1979年 | 20篇 |
1978年 | 23篇 |
1977年 | 22篇 |
1976年 | 26篇 |
1975年 | 15篇 |
1973年 | 16篇 |
排序方式: 共有7025条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
51.
Honl M Rentzsch R Schwieger K Carrero V Dierk O Dries S Louis H Pude F Bishop N Hille E Morlock M 《Bio-medical materials and engineering》2003,13(4):317-325
In revision surgeries of endoprostheses, the interface between implant and bone cement or bone must be loosened. Conventional tools have many disadvantages because of their size and limited range. Taking advantage of the selective and athermic cutting process, a plain water jet is already used in order to cut soft tissues. This study investigates the possibilities of both a plain and an abrasive water jet as cutting tools for revision surgery. Samples of the mid-diaphysis of human femora and bone cement (CMW3) were cut with a plain water jet (PWJ) and an abrasive water jet (AWJ) at two different jet-to-surface angles (30 degrees,90 degrees ) and at five different pressure levels (30, 40, 50, 60, 70 MPa). For a PWJ a selective pressure range was identified, where only bone cement was cut. Injecting a bio-compatible abrasive (lactose) to the jet stream resulted in significantly higher cut depths in both materials. Material removal in bone was significantly less at the smaller jet-to-surface angle for both techniques. No clear selectivity between bone and bone cement was observed for application of the AWJ. However, the material removal rate was significantly higher for bone cement than for bone at all pressure levels. The results indicate that an AWJ might be an alternative tool for cement removal. The possibility for localised cutting at interfaces could be an advantage for revision of a non-cemented prosthesis. 相似文献
52.
Gürbüz Y Kahlke V Klöppel G 《Virchows Archiv : an international journal of pathology》2002,440(5):505-511
Gastric carcinoma classifications differ in their value for distinguishing tumors according to their morphological pattern, functional properties, and biological significance. In this study we evaluated which of three established classification systems is best correlated with the expression patterns of certain mucins. A total of 160 gastric carcinomas from Turkey and Germany were screened immunohistochemically for the expression of MUC1, MUC2, MUC5AC, and MUC6, and the results were related to the different tumor categories in Lauren's, Carneiro's, and Goseki's classifications. It was found that in all three classifications carcinomas belonging to the gland-forming category most commonly expressed MUC1: 78% of Goseki's grade I carcinomas, 81.1% of Lauren's intestinal type carcinomas, and 82.8% of Carneiro's glandular type. MUC2 was expressed in all Goseki grade II carcinomas, which comprise the mucinous type, while it was not significantly associated with any of the other classifications. MUC5AC was found in all Goseki grade IV carcinomas, i.e., signet ring cell carcinomas. It was also significantly associated with Carneiro's mixed type and isolated cell type carcinomas, while there was no correlation with any of Lauren's types. MUC6 failed to show a relationship with any of the categories of the various classifications. We conclude that Goseki's classification is best correlated with MUC expression patterns because it distinguishes clearly between MUC1-positive gland-forming carcinomas, MUC2-positive mucinous ones, and MUC5AC-positive signet ring cell carcinomas. It is likely that each of these gastric carcinoma types has its own carcinogenesis. 相似文献
53.
Volker Schmidt Susanne Schneider Julian Schlömer Maria-Elisabeth Krautwald-Junghanns Elvira Richter 《Avian pathology》2008,37(6):589-592
The present report describes a case of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in an African Grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus erithacus) kept as a pet bird. Diagnosis was confirmed by microbiologic and pathologic results, and indicated a human–avian transmission. Clinical signs included sublingual nodules resulting in anorexia and signs of osteolysis in the long bones. Proliferation consisted of several nodules with small greenish-caseous foci in cross-section and revealed a severe granulomatous inflammation without intralesional acid-fast rods. M. tuberculosis was cultured from a pooled sample of sublingual and liver nodules, and was confirmed via polymerase chain reaction. Transmission between men and parrot was proved by spoligotyping pattern analysis. The absence of facial skin lesions and acid-fast rods within the tubercles is contrary to previous publications of tuberculosis in birds. This disease in a common pet bird species is of zoonotic importance, and those parrots with close contact to owners suffering from tuberculosis may serve as a potential reservoir for human infection. 相似文献
54.
Christian Ertel Neil S. Millar Peter T. Emmerson Volker Schirrmacher Paul Von Hoegen 《European journal of immunology》1993,23(10):2592-2596
In attempt to increase the induction of peptide-specific cytolytic T cells (CTL) we investigated the effect of the Newcastle disease virus (NDV) hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) gene product on the activation of peptide-specific CTL. Spleen cells of CH3 mice immunized against the influenza nucleoprotein peptide 50–63 (NP 50–63) were restimulated in vitro (i) with peptide-pulsed syngeneic fibroblast cells (Ltk?) as antigen-presenting cells, which were in addition (ii) infected with NDV or (iii) stably transfected with the HN cDN A of NDV. A greater than sixfold increase in peptide-specific CTL responses was observed in cultures restimulated with peptide-pulsed Ltk? cells which co-expressed viral hemagglutinin due to either infection or transfection. A similar augmentation was seen in CTL responses against other types of antigen (major histocompatibility complex alloantigens, minor histocompatibility antigens or tumor antigens) when suboptimal cultures were stimulated with the respective antigen-presenting cells modified by NDV infection. These findings suggest that NDV or viral HN expressed on antigen-presenting cells or tumor cells can exert a T cell co-stimulatory function. 相似文献
55.
Induction of NO synthesis in macrophages by Newcastle disease virus is associated with activation of nuclear factor-{kappa}B 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Umansky Victor; Shatrov Vladimir A.; Lehmann Volker; Schirrmacher Volker 《International immunology》1996,8(4):491-498
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) has received much attention recentlybecause of its non-specific immune stimulating potential andits various anti-tumor activities. Here we describe that NDVinduces synthesis of NO and causes an activation of nuclearfactor-kB (NF-kB) In murine macrophages. These reactions werepart of an activation process which included also stimulationof adenosine deaminase and inhibition of 5'-nucleotidase. NDV-mediatedNO synthesis and NF-kB activation were blocked by an antioxidant(butylated hydroxyanisole), by an inhibitor of protein tyrosinekinase (genistein) and of protein kinase A (H-89), but not byan inhibitor of protein kinase C (staurosporin). These datasuggest that signalling requirements of NF-kB activation andNO production in NDV-treated macrophages are similar. 相似文献
56.
Claus D. Eisenbach Edmund Stadler Volker Enkelmann 《Macromolecular chemistry and physics.》1995,196(3):833-856
The study of a series of molecularly uniform poly(N-alkylurethanes) with a systematically varied and tailored chain architecture has shown that the packing and superstructure can be controlled by the primary structure of the urethane chain and reversibly altered by the sample treatment, respectively. Depending on the conformation or the stereogeometry of the constitutive unit built in the middle of the otherwise symmetrical oligourethane, chain-extended and/or chain-folded crystallization of the urethane chain can occur. The packing order, i. e., adjacent recentry chain-folding or chain-extended crystallization, and the thermal properties of the oligourethanes are related to the chemical structure of the central constitutive unit. 相似文献
57.
Immunomagnetic enrichment and detection of isolated tumor cells in bone marrow of patients with epithelial malignancies 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Weihrauch MR Skibowski E Draube A Geller A Tesch H Diehl V Bohlen H 《Clinical & experimental metastasis》2002,19(7):617-621
The detection of isolated tumor cells (ITC) in the bone marrow of patients with epithelial malignancies is an independant
prognostic factor for several entities as breast cancer, colorectal cancer or non-small lung cancer. However, with conventional
immunocytology using Ficoll density gradient and APAAP staining, only a small proportion of the bone marrow samples can be
scanned for cytokeratin-positive (CK+) cells. To improve detection rates, we evaluated the enrichment of ITC by magnetic activated
cell sorting (MACS) compared to regularly stained cytospins. Recovery experiments with a CK+ breast cancer cell line (SKBR3)
were performed to calculate the MACS enrichment rate. Bone marrow was obtained by aspiration from 20 patients with carcinomas
of epithelial origin and from 17 controls. ITC were enriched and stained with magnetically labeled CAM 5.2 antibodies directed
to cytokeratin 7 and 8. MACS of SKBR3 seeded in peripheral blood revealed average recovery rates of 62% and 48% and average
enrichment factors of 104-fold and 8139-fold of the CK+ cells after one and after two separations, respectively. After immunomagnetic
enrichment, CK+ cells were detected in 16 of 20 (80%) cancer patients, whereas only 7 (35%) patients showed CK+ cells without
magnetic enrichment (P=0.002). Ten of twelve (83%) patients with metastatic disease (stage M1) and six of eight (75%) patients without any overt metastases (M0) had CK+ cells in their bone marrow. None of the negative controls showed any CK+ cells. Enrichment with magnetically labeled
anti cytokeratin antibodies increases the detection rate of epithelial cells in bone marrow of cancer patients compared to
immunocytology.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
58.
Identification of a novel coronavirus in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Drosten C Günther S Preiser W van der Werf S Brodt HR Becker S Rabenau H Panning M Kolesnikova L Fouchier RA Berger A Burguière AM Cinatl J Eickmann M Escriou N Grywna K Kramme S Manuguerra JC Müller S Rickerts V Stürmer M Vieth S Klenk HD Osterhaus AD Schmitz H Doerr HW 《The New England journal of medicine》2003,348(20):1967-1976
59.
The male genital system ofCephalobaena tetrapoda comprises the unpaired testis and seminal vesicle and the paired connecting tubes, ejaculatory bulbs, vasa deferentia, and dilators. These lead into the genital atrium, which can be everted to form the copulatory organ. An ultrastructural analysis of each of these compounds is presented, including spermiogenesis, which was traced in some important stages. The diverging nomenclature of the complicated male genital system was unified and partly changed: where the vas deferens and dilator merge, the former loses its epithelial lining; the cuticular tube is called the cirrus. Anteriorly, the dilator also gives rise to a cuticular, semilunar tube. The cirrus and semilunar tube run parallel and reach the genital atrium, which can be evaginated to form the copulatory organ. Apparently, the male genital system represents an original type from which the complicated porocephalic systems may be derived. 相似文献
60.
Masao Kaneko Dieter Whrle Derck Schlettwein Volker Schmidt 《Macromolecular chemistry and physics.》1988,189(10):2419-2423
Thin films (thickness 0,3 μm) of a mixture of phthalocyaninatozinc(II) ( 1 ) and poly(1-vinylcarbazole) ( 2 ) are prepared by coating from a solution on ITO glass. The blue coloured films are investigated in an electrochemical cell under irradiation with visible light. In the presence of dioxygen from air the films exhibit an intensive cathodic photocurrent. The action spectrum of the photocurrent corresponds to the absorption spectrum of the phthalocyanine. The results show a device which can be switched by air and visible light. 相似文献