全文获取类型
收费全文 | 2433篇 |
免费 | 182篇 |
国内免费 | 12篇 |
专业分类
耳鼻咽喉 | 20篇 |
儿科学 | 46篇 |
妇产科学 | 41篇 |
基础医学 | 397篇 |
口腔科学 | 38篇 |
临床医学 | 265篇 |
内科学 | 427篇 |
皮肤病学 | 40篇 |
神经病学 | 249篇 |
特种医学 | 87篇 |
外科学 | 223篇 |
综合类 | 20篇 |
一般理论 | 2篇 |
预防医学 | 238篇 |
眼科学 | 90篇 |
药学 | 239篇 |
中国医学 | 11篇 |
肿瘤学 | 194篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 20篇 |
2022年 | 61篇 |
2021年 | 100篇 |
2020年 | 55篇 |
2019年 | 61篇 |
2018年 | 98篇 |
2017年 | 67篇 |
2016年 | 86篇 |
2015年 | 89篇 |
2014年 | 94篇 |
2013年 | 172篇 |
2012年 | 211篇 |
2011年 | 223篇 |
2010年 | 87篇 |
2009年 | 104篇 |
2008年 | 137篇 |
2007年 | 120篇 |
2006年 | 101篇 |
2005年 | 97篇 |
2004年 | 101篇 |
2003年 | 103篇 |
2002年 | 67篇 |
2001年 | 31篇 |
2000年 | 28篇 |
1999年 | 30篇 |
1998年 | 15篇 |
1997年 | 20篇 |
1996年 | 9篇 |
1995年 | 12篇 |
1994年 | 16篇 |
1993年 | 8篇 |
1992年 | 14篇 |
1991年 | 14篇 |
1990年 | 19篇 |
1989年 | 10篇 |
1988年 | 11篇 |
1987年 | 12篇 |
1986年 | 17篇 |
1985年 | 8篇 |
1984年 | 5篇 |
1982年 | 4篇 |
1981年 | 4篇 |
1980年 | 7篇 |
1979年 | 13篇 |
1978年 | 6篇 |
1977年 | 4篇 |
1975年 | 5篇 |
1970年 | 9篇 |
1969年 | 6篇 |
1965年 | 3篇 |
排序方式: 共有2627条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
81.
82.
Histopathology Image Analysis in Two Long‐Term Animal Experiments with Helical Flow Total Artificial Heart
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《Artificial organs》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
Jiri Wotke Pavel Homolka Jaromír Vasku Petr Dobsak Petra Palanova Veronika Mrkvicova Petr Konecny Vladimir Soska Michal Pohanka Marie Novakova Terumi Yurimoto Itsuro Saito Yusuke Inoue Takashi Isoyama Yusuke Abe 《Artificial organs》2016,40(12):1137-1145
Histopathological analysis can provide important information in long‐term experiments with total artificial heart (TAH). Recently, a new type of blood pump, the helical flow total artificial heart (HF‐TAH) was developed. This study aimed to investigate the changes in selected vital organs in animal experiments with implanted HF‐TAH. Samples from lung, liver, and kidneys from two female goats (No. 1301 and No. 1304) with implanted HF‐TAH were analyzed. Tissue samples were fixed in 10% formaldehyde and 4 µm thick transverse sections were stained with hematoxylin‐eosin (HE). Additional staining was done for detection of connective tissue (Masson‐Goldner stain) and for detection of iron (hemosiderin) deposits (Perls stain). Sections were scanned at 100× and 500× magnification with a light microscope. Experiment no. 1301 survived 100 days (cause of termination was heavy damage of the right pump); experimental goat no.1304 survived 68 days and was sacrificed due to severe right hydrodynamic bearing malfunction. Histopathological analysis of liver samples proved signs of chronic venostasis with limited focal necrotic zones. Dilated tubules, proteinaceous material in tubular lumen, and hemosiderin deposits were detected in kidney samples. Contamination of the organs by embolized micro‐particles was suspected at the autopsy after discovery of visible damage (scratches) of the pump impeller surface (made from titanium alloy) in both experiments. Sporadic deposits of foreign micro‐particles (presumably titanium) were observed in most of the analyzed parenchymal organs. However, the described deposits were not in direct connection with inflammatory reactions in the analyzed tissues. Histopathological analysis showed the presence of minimal contamination of the lung, kidney, and liver tissue samples by foreign material (titanium very likely). The analysis showed only limited pathological changes, especially in liver and kidneys, which might be attributed to the influence of artificial perfusion often observed in chronic TAH experiments. 相似文献
83.
Dynamic changes of B‐cell compartments in kidney transplantation: lack of transitional B cells is associated with allograft rejection
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《Transplant international》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
Veronika Svachova Alena Sekerkova Petra Hruba Irena Tycova Marketa Rodova Eva Cecrdlova Janka Slatinska Eva Honsova Ilja Striz Ondrej Viklicky 《Transplant international》2016,29(5):540-548
B cells play an important role in the immune responses which affect the outcomes of kidney allografts. Dynamic changes of B‐cell compartments in clinical kidney transplantation are still poorly understood. B‐cell subsets were prospectively monitored using flow cytometry for 1 year in 98 kidney transplant recipients. Data were correlated with immunosuppression and clinical outcomes. An increase in the total population of B lymphocytes was observed during the first week after transplantation. The level of IgMhighCD38highCD24high transitional B cells reduced significantly up until the third month, with partial repopulation in the first year. Lower numbers of transitional B cells in the third month were associated with higher risk of graft rejection. IgM+IgD+CD27? naive B cells did not change within follow‐up. IgM+CD27+ nonswitched memory B cells and IgM?CD27+ switched memory B cells increased on post‐operative day 7. IgM?CD38highCD27high plasmablasts showed similar kinetics during the first post‐transplant year, similar to transitional B cells. In conclusion, sensitized kidney transplant recipients as well as those with either acute or chronic rejection within the first post‐transplant year exhibited lower levels of transitional B cells. Therefore, these data further support the hypothesis that transitional B cells have a protective role in kidney transplantation. 相似文献
84.
5‐Azacitidine Monotherapy Followed by Related Haploidentical Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Achieves Durable Remission in a Pediatric Patient With Acute Undifferentiated Leukemia Refractory to High‐Dose Chemotherapy
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《Pediatric blood & cancer》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
Veronika Polishchuk MD Sajad Khazal MD Giorgi Berulava MD Michael Roth MD Kris M. Mahadeo MD 《Pediatric blood & cancer》2016,63(6):1111-1112
Patients with acute leukemias of undifferentiated lineage (AUL) generally have guarded prognosis. Here, we describe the first reported pediatric patient with AUL refractory to high‐dose chemotherapy who achieved clinical remission with ALL maintenance therapy and 5‐azacitidine. His induction remission was followed by consolidation with reduced toxicity haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). At 9 months post‐HSCT, the patient is alive and in remission. This combination therapy of remission induction with ALL maintenance therapy and 5‐azacitidine and consolidation with reduced toxicity haploidentical HSCT is novel and promising for patients who lack conventional donors and are not candidates for myeloablative therapy. 相似文献
85.
Freichel C Neumann M Ballard T Müller V Woolley M Ozmen L Borroni E Kretzschmar HA Haass C Spooren W Kahle PJ 《Neurobiology of aging》2007,28(9):1421-1435
Intraneuronal alpha-synuclein (alphaSYN) inclusions constitute the hallmark lesions of a number of neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. In a transgenic mouse model expressing mutant [A30P]alphaSYN under control of the pan-neuronal Thy1 promoter, motor impairment became significant beyond 17 months of age. Cognitive performance was measured in the Morris water maze and upon fear conditioning. At 4 months of age, transgenic mice performed like controls. However, performance in these tasks was significantly impaired in (Thy1)-h[A30P]alphaSYN mice at 12 months of age. After completion of the cognition tests, mice were sacrificed and the regional distribution of neuropathology was examined. In contrast to 4 months old animals, 12 months old transgenic mice showed alpha-synucleinopathy in several brain regions, including the central nucleus of the amygdala, which is involved in cognitive behavior of mice, and is susceptible to alphaSYN pathology in human patients. Thus, age-dependent fibrillization of alphaSYN in specific cortical regions concomitant with cognitive decline may reflect dementia with Lewy bodies in a transgenic mouse model. 相似文献
86.
Veronika Pilz Kathrin Wolf Susanne Breitner Regina Rückerl Wolfgang Koenig Wolfgang Rathmann Josef Cyrys Annette Peters Alexandra Schneider 《International journal of hygiene and environmental health》2018,221(3):510-518
Background
Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution contributes to the global burden of disease by particularly affecting cardiovascular (CV) causes of death. We investigated the association between particle number concentration (PNC), a marker for ultrafine particles, and other air pollutants and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) as a potential link between air pollution and CV disease.Methods
We cross-sectionally analysed data from the second follow up (2013 and 2014) of the German KORA baseline survey which was conducted in 1999–2001. Residential long-term exposure to PNC and various other size fractions of particulate matter (PM10 with size of <10?μm in aerodynamic diameter, PMcoarse 2.5–10?μm or PM2.5?<?2.5?μm, respectively), soot (PM2.5abs: absorbance of PM2.5), nitrogen oxides (nitrogen dioxide NO2 or oxides NOx, respectively) and ozone (O3) were estimated by land-use regression models. Associations between annual air pollution concentrations and hs-CRP were modeled in 2252 participants using linear regression models adjusted for several confounders. Potential effect-modifiers were examined by interaction terms and two-pollutant models were calculated for pollutants with Spearman inter-correlation <0.70.Results
Single pollutant models for PNC, PM10, PMcoarse, PM2.5abs, NO2 and NOx showed positive but non-significant associations with hs-CRP. For PNC, an interquartile range (2000 particles/cm3) increase was associated with a 3.6% (95% CI: ?0.9%, 8.3%) increase in hs-CRP. A null association was found for PM2.5. Effect estimates were higher for women, non‐obese participants, for participants without diabetes and without a history of cardiovascular disease whereas ex-smokers showed lower estimates compared to smokers or non-smokers. For O3, the dose-response function suggested a non-linear relationship. In two-pollutant models, adjustment for PM2.5 strengthened the effect estimates for PNC and PM10 (6.3% increase per 2000 particles/cm3 [95% CI: 0.4%; 12.5%] and 7.3% per 16.5?μg/m3 [95% CI: 0.4%; 14.8%], respectively).Conclusion
This study adds to a scarce but growing body of literature showing associations between long-term exposure to ultrafine particles and hs-CRP, one of the most intensely studied blood biomarkers for cardiovascular health. Our results highlight the role of ultrafine particles within the complex mixture of ambient air pollution and their inflammatory potential. 相似文献87.
Lucie Stuchlíková Věra Králová Kateřina Lněničková Tomáš Zárybnický Petra Matoušková Veronika Hanušová Martin Ambrož Zdeněk Šubrt Lenka Skálová 《Drug testing and analysis》2018,10(7):1139-1146
Flubendazole (FLU), a benzimidazole anthelmintic drug widely used in veterinary medicine, has been approved for the treatment of gut‐residing nematodes in humans. In addition, FLU is now considered a promising anti‐cancer agent. Despite this, information about biotransformation of this compound in human is lacking. Moreover, there is no information regarding whether cancer cells are able to metabolize FLU in order to deactivate it. For these reasons, the present study was designed to identify all metabolites of Phase I and Phase II of FLU in human liver and in various cancer cells using ultra high‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC–MS/MS) analysis. Precision‐cut human liver slices and 9 cell lines of different origin (breast, colon, oral cavity) were used as in vitro model systems. Our study showed that FLU with a reduced carbonyl group (FLUR) is the only FLU metabolite formed in the human liver. All human cancer cell lines were able to form FLUR. In addition, methylated FLUR was detected in breast cells MCF7 and intestinal SW480 cells. The accumulation of FLU and its reduction to FLUR markedly differed among cells. The extent of FLU reduction was in a good correlation with the detected expression level of carbonyl reductase 1. In most cases, FLU entered in a higher amount and was reduced to a lesser extent in proliferating (metastatic) cells than in differentiated (non‐cancerous, non‐metastatic) ones. These results support the promising potential of FLU in anti‐cancer therapy. 相似文献
88.
Boštjan Kocjančič Andrej Moličnik Vane Antolič Blaž Mavčič Veronika Kralj‐Iglič Rok Vengust 《Journal of orthopaedic research》2014,32(1):8-16
To study the effect of hip and pelvis geometry on development of the hip after Perthes disease, we determined the resultant hip force and contact hip stress distribution in a population of 135 adult hips of patients who had been treated for Perthes disease in childhood. Contra‐lateral hips with no record of disease were taken as the control population. Biomechanical parameters were determined by mathematical models for resultant hip force in one‐legged stance and for contact hip stress, which use as an input the geometrical parameters assessed from anteroposterior radiographs. The mathematical model for stress was upgraded to account for the deviation of the femoral head shape from spherical. No differences were found in resultant hip force and in peak contact hip stress between the hips that were in childhood subject to Perthes disease and the control population, but a considerable (148%) and significant (p < 0.001) difference was found in the contact hip stress gradient index, expressing an unfavorable, steep decrease of contact stress at the lateral acetabular rim. This finding indicates an increased risk of early coxarthritis in hips subject to Perthes disease. © 2013 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 32:8–16, 2014. 相似文献
89.
A. DeLuca M. Frick E. Lessem J. Kanouse D. Wegener L. Ruiz Mingote 《Public Health Action》2014,4(4):238-242
As recent advances have been made in developing tools to fight tuberculosis (TB), there is also a trend towards increasing advocacy by the civil society for TB research and access. One recent successful effort to increase access to treatment options for TB involved a collaborative effort to identify the need for and barriers to the use of rifapentine (RPT) use in the United States. Survey responses confirmed the under-utilization of RPT: 82% of survey respondents selected cost as a significant or potential barrier to use. Survey results provided data to support a year-long advocacy campaign urging the drug company Sanofi to lower the price of RPT. This campaign was based on a common evidence base built in part by the stakeholders themselves. After multiple engagements with communities and providers, Sanofi US announced on 12 December 2013 that they would drop the price of RPT to US$32 per blister pack of 32 tablets for US public health programs. While further work remains to secure access to RPT in the United States and worldwide, the lowering of the price of RPT reflects the positive impact that collaborative advocacy can accomplish, and sets an example for other drug companies to follow. 相似文献
90.
Veronika I. Müller Tanja S. Kellermann Sarah C. Seligman Bruce I. Turetsky Simon B. Eickhoff 《Social cognitive and affective neuroscience》2014,9(4):436-444
Schizophrenia is a psychiatric disorder resulting in prominent impairments in social functioning. Thus, clinical research has focused on underlying deficits of emotion processing and their linkage to specific symptoms and neurobiological dysfunctions. Although there is substantial research investigating impairments in unimodal affect recognition, studies in schizophrenia exploring crossmodal emotion processing are rare. Therefore, event-related potentials were measured in 15 patients with schizophrenia and 15 healthy controls while rating the expression of happy, fearful and neutral faces and concurrently being distracted by emotional or neutral sounds. Compared with controls, patients with schizophrenia revealed significantly decreased P1 and increased P2 amplitudes in response to all faces, independent of emotion or concurrent sound. Analyzing these effects with regard to audiovisual (in)congruence revealed that P1 amplitudes in patients were only reduced in response to emotionally incongruent stimulus pairs, whereas similar amplitudes between groups could be observed for congruent conditions. Correlation analyses revealed a significant negative correlation between general symptom severity (Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale-V4) and P1 amplitudes in response to congruent audiovisual stimulus pairs. These results indicate that early visual processing deficits in schizophrenia are apparent during emotion processing but, depending on symptom severity, these deficits can be restored by presenting concurrent emotionally congruent sounds. 相似文献