Studies on the cultivation of influenza virus in vitro

Studies have been carried out since 1959 at the Coonoor Influenza Centre to devise a method of cultivating influenza virus in vitro which would be suitable for large-scale virus production. The authors report the successful cultivation of the virus in tissue cultures of chorioallantoic membrane on glass wool. The method described may be used equally satisfactorily for culture in volumes ranging from 1.0 ml to 350 ml, and is as sensitive as cultivation in eggs for the titration of different strains of influenza virus and their neutralizing antibodies. Relatively pure virus for vaccine production and complement-fixing antigen for diagnostic purposes can be produced in large volumes with ease and economy.     

Comparing microstructural and macrostructural development of the cerebral cortex in premature newborns: diffusion tensor imaging versus cortical gyration

This study assessed microstructural development in four regions of the human cerebral cortex during preterm maturation using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), compared to the macrostructural development of cortical gyration evaluated using three-dimensional volumetric T1-weighted MR imaging. Thirty-seven premature infants of estimated gestational age (EGA) ranging from 25 to 38 weeks were prospectively enrolled and imaged in an MR-compatible neonatal incubator with a high-sensitivity neonatal head coil. Cortical gyration was measured quantitatively as the ratio of gyral height to width on the volumetric MR images in four regions bilaterally (superior frontal, superior occipital, precentral, and postcentral gyri). Mean diffusivity (D(av)), fractional anisotropy (FA-the fraction of D(av) that is anisotropic), and the three DTI eigenvalues (components of diffusivity radial and tangential to the pial surface of cortex) were measured in the same cortical regions. Cortical gyration scores, FA, and radial diffusivity were all significantly correlated with EGA (P < 0.0001). However, in multivariate analysis, no significant relationship (P > 0.05) was found between DTI parameters and cortical gyration beyond their common association with estimated gestational age. Pre- and postcentral gyri had significantly lower anisotropy than the superior occipital and superior frontal gyri (P < 0.05), indicating that DTI is sensitive to regional heterogeneity in cortical development. Maturational changes in the DTI eigenvalues of cortical gray matter were found to differ from those that have previously been described in developing white matter, with a significant age-related decline in the radial diffusivity (P < 0.0001) but not in the tangential diffusivities (P > 0.05).     

Lung fibrosis: new classifications and therapy.

The recent American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society consensus classification of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia is equally applicable to pulmonary fibrosis associated with connective tissue disease. The most frequent histopathologic entities are usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) and nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP), which is more prevalent than UIP in systemic sclerosis. The prognostic significance of NSIP is unknown in connective tissue disease, although NSIP has a better prognosis than UIP in idiopathic interstitial pneumonia. The use of computed tomography to distinguish between UIP and NSIP requires further refinement. Recent therapeutic studies have reinforced disenchantment amongst clinicians with corticosteroid and immunosuppressive regimens in UIP. UIP is increasingly regarded an "epithelial-fibrotic" disease rather than a primarily inflammatory disorder, accounting for recent widespread interest in antifibrotic agents. This conclusion should not be extrapolated to NSIP, especially in connective tissue disease. Strong circumstantial evidence of a therapeutic benefit justifies the continued use of cyclophosphamide in progressive lung fibrosis in systemic sclerosis.     

Validated high performance liquid chromatographic method for simultaneous determination of rosiglitazone, cilostazol, and 3,4-dehydro-cilostazol in rat plasma and its application to pharmacokinetics

A high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for simultaneous determination of rosiglitazone, CAS 122320-73-4, RSG), cilostazol (CAS 73963-72-1, CLZ) and its active metabolite 3, 4-dehydro-cilostazol (DCLZ), using pioglitazone (PIO) as internal standard (IS), in rat plasma is described. The plasma was extracted with methyl t-butyl ether, the dry extract was reconstituted in mobile phase and the aliquot was injected. The eluent drugs were detected by UV at dual wavelength of 226 nm (RSG and DCLZ) and 257 nm (CLZ). The mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile:potassium di-hydrogen phosphate buffer (35:65 v/v) was used at the flow rate of 1.2 ml/min on a reverse phase C18 column. The absolute recovery was above 90% of all analytes over the concentration range of 25-2500 ng/ml for RSG and CLZ and 20-2000 ng/ ml for DCLZ. The relative standard deviation (RSD) of the inter-day and intra-day precision ranged from 2.8 to 8.4% and 0.9 to 5.9%, respectively. The method is simple, rapid, accurate and sensitive and was applied to pharmacokinetic studies.     

Non-responsive celiac disease in children on a gluten free diet

BACKGROUNDNon-responsive celiac disease (NRCD) is defined as the persistence of symptoms in individuals with celiac disease (CeD) despite being on a gluten-free diet (GFD). There is scant literature about NRCD in the pediatric population.AIMTo determine the incidence, clinical characteristics and underlying causes of NRCD in children.METHODSRetrospective cohort study performed at Boston Children’s Hospital (BCH). Children < 18 years diagnosed with CeD by positive serology and duodenal biopsies compatible with Marsh III histology between 2008 and 2012 were identified in the BCH’s Celiac Disease Program database. Medical records were longitudinally reviewed from the time of diagnosis through September 2015. NRCD was defined as persistent symptoms at 6 mo after the initiation of a GFD and causes of NRCD as well as symptom evolution were detailed. The children without symptoms at 6 mo (responders) were compared with the NRCD group. Additionally, presenting signs and symptoms at the time of diagnosis of CeD among the responders and NRCD patients were collected and compared to identify any potential predictors for NRCD at 6 mo of GFD therapy.RESULTSSix hundred and sixteen children were included. Ninety-one (15%) met criteria for NRCD. Most were female (77%). Abdominal pain [odds ratio (OR) 1.8 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1-2.9], constipation (OR 3.1 95%CI 1.9-4.9) and absence of abdominal distension (OR for abdominal distension 0.4 95%CI 0.1-0.98) at diagnosis were associated with NRCD. NRCD was attributed to a wide variety of diagnoses with gluten exposure (30%) and constipation (20%) being the most common causes. Other causes for NRCD included lactose intolerance (9%), gastroesophageal reflux (8%), functional abdominal pain (7%), irritable bowel syndrome (3%), depression/anxiety (3%), eosinophilic esophagitis (2%), food allergy (1%), eating disorder (1%), gastric ulcer with Helicobacter pylori (1%), lymphocytic colitis (1%), aerophagia (1%) and undetermined (13%). 64% of children with NRCD improved on follow-up.CONCLUSIONNRCD after ≥ 6 mo GFD is frequent among children, especially females, and is associated with initial presenting symptoms of constipation and/or abdominal pain. Gluten exposure is the most frequent cause.     

Design,Synthesis, and Identification of Silicon Incorporated Oxazolidinone Antibiotics with Improved Brain Exposure

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Association between CT-texture-derived tumor heterogeneity,outcomes, and BRCA mutation status in patients with high-grade serous ovarian cancer

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Thyroid dysfunction in Indian children with down syndrome

This record review of 82 children with Down Syndrome (DS) between April 2004 and March 2014 who had thyroid dysfunction, showed that majority (76, 92.6%) had subclinical hypothyroidism. Of the 60 patients who underwent radionuclide scan, 63.3% had a normal gland; the rest exhibited only impaired tracer uptake. Ultrasonograms done in 20 patients showed reduction of thyroid gland size in 3 (15%) patients only.     

Cardioprotective effect of Nerium oleander flower against isoproterenol-induced myocardial oxidative stress in experimental rats

Nerium oleander Linn (NOL) an evergreen shrub belonging to the Apocynaceae family has been reported to have a wide spectrum of bioactivities. In in vitro study, the free radical scavenging potential of the hydroethanolic extract of N oleander Linn (ENO) flower and its fractions (glycosidic and nonglycosidic) were studied using 2, 2(')-azino-di [3-ethylbenzthiazoline sulphonate] (ABTS(*+) ) and 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH*) scavenging assay. ENO exhibited better radical scavenging activities than its fractions. Furthermore, the cardioprotective role of ENO (10, 30, 100 mg/kg, per oral [po]) was tested against isoproterenol-induced myocardial toxicity (ISO, 120 mg/kg per day, subcutaneously [sc], for 2 days at 48 hours interval) in experimental rats when compared to propranolol (5 mg/kg, po) which was the standard. Pretreatment with ENO (10, 30, and 100 mg/kg) and propranolol for 2 weeks followed by ISO challenge in rats prevented the elevation of marker enzymes such as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT), creatine kinase (CK-MB and creatine phosphokinase [CPK]), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in plasma. In addition, pretreatment with ENO and propranolol significantly attenuated the lipid peroxidation by maintaining the levels of enzymatic (superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase) and nonenzymatic antioxidants (reduced glutathione and nitrite), which was also confirmed histologically. Taken together, the current study indicates that the hydroalcoholic extract of N oleander Linn flowers aid in cardioprotection probably by improving the antioxidant defense system during experimental myocardial necrosis.