Long-term sucrose and glucose consumption decreases the delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase activity in mice

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the long-term effects of high-glucose (GLU) and high-sucrose (SUC) diets on the development of obesity, abdominal fat deposition, glucose intolerance, oxidative stress and effects on delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase (delta-ALA-D) activity in various organs. In particular, the effect of aging on these parameters was evaluated. METHODS: Mice were assigned to a baseline, control, or experimental group. The control group was provided with tap water and experimental groups with solutions of glucose or sucrose for 30 wk. To verify the effect of aging, young mice (baseline group, 8 wk old) were compared with aged animals (control and experimental groups, 38 wk old). RESULTS: Consumption of GLU or SUC diets caused increases in body weight, abdominal fat index, and fasting plasma glucose levels. A positive correlation was observed between the abdominal fat index and fasting glucose levels. There was a significant increase in levels of thiobarbituric acid-reactive species (TBARS) and a significant decrease in delta-ALA-D activity in various tissues of GLU and SUC feeding mice. Importantly, the dithiothreitol-induced enzymatic reactivation in the GLU and SUC groups was significantly higher than in the control group, and in the aged group it was significantly higher than in the baseline group. After 30 wk, the experimental groups had a decrease in delta-ALA-D activity and an increase in TBARS levels in relation to the baseline group. CONCLUSION: Alterations in the activity of the delta-ALA-D found in this work demonstrate the possible contributions of hyperglycemia and aging for protein oxidation, leading to impairment of its biologic function.     

Work conditions and professional profiles of nutritionists who graduated from the Ouro Preto Federal University, Minas Gerais State, Brazil: 1994 - 2001

The study presents the professional profiles and work conditions of nutritionists who graduated from the Ouro Preto Federal University, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, in their various spheres of action. A quanti-qualitative approach was adopted through questionnaires completed by all professionals graduating from this University between 1994 and 2001 (N=356), in addition to semi-structured interviews with fourteen professionals selected from the universe of the respondents (n=90). An analysis of these questionnaires showed that 67% of them work with Clinical Nutrition, 44% with Collective Nutrition, 14% with Education Programs and 11% with Social Nutrition. Most (57%) of the respondents expressed the desire to remain in the field where they were working. Among those wishing to move into a different area, 44.5% work with Collective Nutrition. Despite clearly precarious employment links, Clinical Nutrition is the field with the largest number of professionals satisfied with their work conditions. The findings of this study explore the work conditions of a group of nutritionists for whom job stability is not always the main factor for professional satisfaction.     

The anti-asylum movement in Brazil

This study reviews the history of the national anti-asylum struggle in Brazil. It analyzes some of the movement's difficulties, achievements and challenges. The theory of social movements is used here as an important analytical tool to understand this collective action, to the degree in which theory allows an appraisal of this type of social action rooted in its many configurations, evidencing the complexity of the contemporary world. The anti-asylum movement is composed of many stakeholders whose struggles and conflicts have been developed through different social-political-institutional dimensions. It encompasses at different moments and to different degrees, a movement which articulates solidarity and conflict relations and social denunciations in an attempt to transform relations and conceptions that are discriminatory and which are intended to control the "insane" and "insanity" in our country.     

Effect of vitamin A supplementation with BCG vaccine at birth on vitamin A status at 6 wk and 4 mo of age

BACKGROUND: The effect of vitamin A supplementation (VAS) at birth on subsequent vitamin A status has not been studied. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to study the effect of 50,000 IU vitamin A administered with BCG vaccine at birth on vitamin A status in both sexes. DESIGN: Within a randomized placebo-controlled trial of VAS, we obtained blood from 614 children at 6 wk of age and from 369 mother-infant pairs at 4 mo of age. We assessed vitamin A status on the basis of serum retinol-binding protein (RBP) and measured serum C-reactive protein to monitor for concurrent infections. RESULTS: RBP concentrations indicated vitamin A deficiency in 32% of the children at age 6 wk and in 16% at age 4 mo. VAS was not associated with higher RBP concentrations overall or in either sex. However, the effect of VAS varied with maternal education (P for interaction = 0.004): At age 6 wk, VAS was associated with higher (9%; 95% CI: 2, 17%) RBP concentrations in children of noneducated mothers but not in children of educated mothers. Overall, RBP concentrations increased between 6 wk and 4 mo of age. The increase correlated inversely with the number of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) vaccines received in the interval (P = 0.009), particularly in girls (P for interaction = 0.01) and in vitamin A recipients (P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Overall, VAS at birth had no effect on vitamin A status. However VAS may temporarily improve vitamin A status in the subgroup of children of noneducated mothers. In vitamin A recipients, subsequent DTP vaccines affected vitamin A status negatively. The main trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00168597.     

Estimating the gasoline components and formulations toxicity to microalgae (Tetraselmis chuii) and oyster (Crassostrea rhizophorae) embryos: an approach to minimize environmental pollution risk

Even though petrochemical contamination frequently occurs in the form of oil spills, it is thought that a greater danger to coastal habitats is posed by chronic petrochemical toxicity associated with urban run-off, in which gasoline water-soluble-fraction (WSF) plays an important role. The hypothesis of the entrepreneurs, who were associated to the scientists uncharged of this research, was that recycled petrochemical waste may provide different gasoline formulations, having different toxic properties; the correlation between the gasoline formulations and their components' toxicological effects might contribute to the reformulation of the products, in such a way that the gasoline generated could be less toxic and less harmful to the environment. The aim of this research was to determine the toxic effects of 14 different types of gasoline (formulated, in accordance with National Petroleum Agency standards, from petrochemical waste), on Tetraselmis chuii (microalgae culture) and Crassostrea rhizophorae (embryos). Microalgae and oyster embryos were exposed to different gasoline formulations water-soluble fractions (WSF) at a range of concentrations (0%, 4.6%, 10.0%, 22.0%, 46.0%, and 100%), for 96 and 24h, respectively. The tests were carried out under controlled conditions. End-points have been CI50-96h (concentration causing 50% growth inhibition in microalgae cultures) and EC50-24h (concentration causing abnormalities on 50% of the exposed embryos). Through these procedures, gasoline formulations, which represent the lowest environmental risk, were selected. Bioassays carried out on the 8 different gasoline components aimed to correlate gasoline toxicity with the toxic potential of its components. The analysis of principal components showed that the C9DI, a mixture of aromatic hydrocarbons of 9 carbon atoms, had the highest level of toxic potential, followed by C9S (a mixture of aromatics with 9-11 carbon atoms) and heavy naphtha. The results showed gasoline formulations 1-4 (monoaromatic hydrocarbons being the most conspicuous components) to be the least toxic, whilst formulations 12-14 (having higher content of C9DI, C9S and naphtha) were found to be the most harmful to organisms. This study led to the identification of the most toxic WSF gasoline components (C9DI and C9S), and to the possibility of developing more eco-compatible gasoline formulations.     

Nurse-teacher: a dialogue with pedagogical education

College faculty presents itself as an important subject matter in a moment of transformation on nursing education characterized by syllabus and methodological changes. This assignment aimed to reflect upon the pedagogical education of the nurse-teacher in order to make this education appropriate to assist the new educational demands of society which are considered by the Syllabus Guidelines of Nursing Graduation. It is about a bibliographical study. The literature review permits to state that pedagogical education is necessary for the nurse-teacher to educate a nurse capable of acting in all care dimensions as a promoter for the health of the citizen, the family and the community. In this context, the reflecting practice is pointed out as guideline to the development of faculty education.     

Curricular Guidelines for Nursing Graduate Course: contexts, changes and perspectives

Research focusing the curricular guidelines for Nursing Faculty in Brazil as approved in 2001 by the Resolution no 03/2001-CNE. The study aimed at contextualizing and rescueing the historical elaboration process of these guidelines, to discuss the approved content supporting elements to guide the construction of politician-pedagogical projects. Bibliographical sources, documents and interviews were used. Pedagogical principles present in the guidelines were verified; the discussion on the research were approached; the nursery licentiature degree, the Unique System of Health as focus of the formation and the performance of the United Net. The context of the private higher education and health, the economic changes (financial globalization, the performance of international agencies) had conformed the scenery of changes in the graduation in Brazil in the 90' and beginning of the 21st century.     

Lime workers' perception of work-related health-disease process, Brazil

The objective of the study was to evaluate the perception of lime factory workers regarding work-related health-disease process. Data were collected from ten workers through non-structured observation and semi-structured interviews conducted in lime factories in the state of Ceará, Northeastern Brazil, in December 2005. Lime workers did not perceive themselves as being at risk for serious health outcomes, which has led them not to develop health promotion actions.     

Light and hens as attraction factors of Nyssomyia whitmani in a rural area, Southern Brazil

OBJECTIVE: To verify the influence of traps with electric light and hens as factors that attract sandflies and compare results between capture methods. METHODS: The study was conducted in the Palmital Farm, Southern Brazil. Sandfly collections were conducted with Falc?o traps and an electric aspirator, fortnightly, between 8 p.m. and 11 p.m. in the presence or absence of light and hens in peridomiciliary areas, from September 1998 to June 1999. RESULTS: A total of 43,767 specimens from eight species of sandflies were collected: Nyssomyia whitmani, N. neivai and Migonemyia migonei constituting 99.9% of the total collected, with predominance of N. whitmani. The number of this species collected inside the hen's shed in the presence of hens (21,045) was greater than in their absence (10,434). In the presence of hens, with distinct intensities of light, a larger number of N. whitmani samples were collected with 3W light. In the presence of hens and light (3W), the number of N. whitmani collected with the electric aspirator (5,141) was superior to that collected with the Falc?o trap (1,675). In the absence of light, with or without the presence hens, there was no difference between the numbers of N. whitmani collected with the electric aspirator or the Falc?o trap. CONCLUSIONS: Hens and electric light together attract more N. whitmani to peridomicilary areas. The number of N. whitmani collected with an electric aspirator inside a hen's shed with the presence of hens and light is greater than those collected with a Falc?o trap in the same conditions.