反相高效液相色谱测定丹参注射剂的三种有效成分

本文用反相高效液相色谱法,采用离子抑制技术分离了丹参注射剂中三种有效成分:丹参素、原儿茶醛、原儿茶酸。并用外标法测定了它们在丹参注射液和复方丹参注射液中的含量。考察了Waters公司分析柱(3.9×300 mm)和径向加压柱(8×100 mm),以及国产色谱柱(5×150mm)分析样品,均能获得满意的结果。比较了用多通道紫外吸收检测器和254nm固定波长紫外检测器测定样品时灵敏度的差异。     

尖叶清风藤化学成分的研究

从尖叶清风藤(Sabia swinhoei Hmsl.exForb.etHemsl.)的地上部分分离出8个化合物,经理化常数测定和光谱解析,证明其中2个为新成分,分别命名为清风藤内酯(I)和清风藤酮(II),另外6个为已知化合物,即没药烯(III)、三十烷醇(IV)、β-谷甾醇(V)、二十八烷酸(VI)、齐墩果酸(VII)和胡萝卜甙(VIII)。     

Type-specific human papillomavirus DNA testing with the genotyping array: a comparison of cervical and vaginal sampling

Objective

To compare the detection and typing of human papillomavirus (HPV) between vaginal and cervical specimens by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based reverse-blot genotyping arrays.

Study design

Two hundred and fifty-two women were referred to colposcopy clinics because of suspicious or positive results in a community-based cervical cancer-screening program. Genital tract cells were sampled from the cervix and self-collected from the vagina and tested with the HPV Blot kit.

Results

The HPV Blot kit identified HPV infection in 24.7% of vaginal specimens and in 30.2% of cervical collections. Cervical sampling detected significantly more infections compared to vaginal sampling only for HPV type 52; cervical sampling also detected significantly more high-risk HPV infection overall. The sensitivities of detecting histology ≥cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grade 3 using the HPV Blot in vaginal and cervical specimens were 75.0% (95% CI, 47.6-92.7%) and 87.5% (95% CI, 61.6-98.4%), respectively (P = 0.48). Both sampling methods were thus statistically effective at detecting high-grade lesions and cervical cancer (P < 0.0001).

Conclusions

The HPV Blot yielded similar results for both vaginal sampling and cervical sampling in the detection of CIN grade 3 or worse. These findings indicate that self-sampling for HPV testing is a viable cervical cancer screening option.     

Incidence and case-fatality rates resulting from the 1998 enterovirus 71 outbreak in Taiwan

In 1998, an epidemic of hand-foot-and-mouth disease and herpangina caused by enterovirus 71 occurred in Taiwan, leaving many fatalities and severely handicapped survivors in its wake. The reasons this rather common pathogen would cause such a large-scale epidemic remain unknown. A seroepidemiological survey to elucidate the epidemiological characteristics of this outbreak, including its incidence and case-fatality rates was undertaken. Microneutralization tests for antibodies against enterovirus 71 were used to screen four collections of serum samples: 1) 202 specimens taken from individuals > or = 4 years old in 1994; 2) 245 specimens collected from individuals of all ages in 1997; 3) 1,258 specimens collected from individuals of all ages in 1999; and 4) sera samples from a birth cohort of 81 children who had yearly blood samples taken from 1988-98. After the maternal antibody had declined, the seropositive rates began to increase with age. Approximately half of all children aged 6 years or older were enterovirus 71 seropositive. Significantly higher seropositive rates were noted in 1999 than in 1997, in children aged 0.5-3 years. The incidence of enterovirus 71 infection during the epidemic was estimated to be 13-22%, with the higher rates in younger children. The case-fatality rate was highest (96.96 per 100,000) in infants aged 6-11 months, and declined in older children. The results showed that enterovirus 71 is endemic in Taiwan. The apparent lack of large-scale enterovirus 71 activity in the 3 years before 1998 might have been the prelude to the epidemic's appearance in 1998, and might suggest that enterovirus 71 infection will reappear every few years. The lack of a protective antibody in younger children may account for the high incidence and case-fatality rate in this age group.     

Determination of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtypes in Taiwan by vpu gene analysis

The genetic diversity of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 (HIV-1) has been characterized mainly by analysis of the env and gag genes. Information on the vpu genes in the HIV sequence database is very limited. In the present study, the nucleotide sequences of the vpu genes were analyzed, and the genetic subtypes determined by analysis of the vpu gene were compared with those previously determined by analysis of the gag and env genes. The vpu genes were amplified by nested PCR of proviral DNA extracted from 363 HIV-1-infected individuals and were sequenced directly by use of the PCR products. HIV-1 subtypes were determined by sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis with reference strains. The strains in all except one of the samples analyzed could be classified as subtype A, B, C, E, or G. The vpu subtype of one strain could not be determined. Of the strains analyzed, genetic subtypes of 247 (68.0%) were also determined by analysis of the env or gag gene. The genetic subtypes determined by vpu gene analysis were, in general, consistent with those determined by gag and/or env gene analysis except for those for two AG recombinant strains. All the strains that clustered with a Thailand subtype E strain in the vpu phylogenetic analyses were subtype E by env gene analysis and subtype A by gag gene analysis. In summary, our genetic typing revealed that subtype B strains, which constituted 73.8% of all strains analyzed, were most prevalent in Taiwan. While subtype E strains constituted about one-quarter of the viruses, they were prevalent at a higher proportion in the group infected by heterosexual transmission. Genetic analysis of vpu may provide an alternate method for determination of HIV-1 subtypes for most of the strains, excluding those in which intersubtype recombination has occurred.     

An epidemic of enterovirus 71 infection in Taiwan. Taiwan Enterovirus Epidemic Working Group.

BACKGROUND: Enteroviruses can cause outbreaks of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (characterized by vesicular lesions on the hands, feet, and oral mucosa) or herpangina, usually without life-threatening manifestations. In 1998 an epidemic of enterovirus 71 infection caused hand-foot-and-mouth disease and herpangina in thousands of people in Taiwan, some of whom died. METHODS: We assessed the epidemiologic aspects of this outbreak. Cases of hand-foot-and-mouth disease or herpangina in ambulatory patients were reported to the Taiwan Department of Health by a mean of 818 sentinel physicians. Severe cases in hospitalized patients were reported by 40 medical centers and regional hospitals. Viruses were isolated by 10 hospital laboratories and the department of health. RESULTS: The sentinel physicians reported 129,106 cases of hand-foot-and-mouth disease or herpangina in two waves of the epidemic, which probably represents less than 10 percent of the estimated total number of cases. There were 405 patients with severe disease, most of whom were five years old or younger; severe disease was seen in all regions of the island. Complications included encephalitis, aseptic meningitis, pulmonary edema or hemorrhage, acute flaccid paralysis, and myocarditis. Seventy-eight patients died, 71 of whom (91 percent) were five years of age or younger. Of the patients who died, 65 (83 percent) had pulmonary edema or pulmonary hemorrhage. Among patients from whom a virus was isolated, enterovirus 71 was present in 48.7 percent of outpatients with uncomplicated hand-foot-and-mouth disease or herpangina, 75 percent of hospitalized patients who survived, and 92 percent of patients who died. CONCLUSIONS: Although several enteroviruses were circulating in Taiwan during the 1998 epidemic, enterovirus 71 infection was associated with most of the serious clinical manifestations and with nearly all the deaths. Most of those who died were young, and the majority died of pulmonary edema and pulmonary hemorrhage.     

DNA vaccination using bacillus Calmette-Guerin-DNA as an adjuvant to enhance immune response to three kinds of swine diseases

In order to enhance the immune efficacy of DNA vaccination, experiments were conducted to investigate the regulating effects of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin （BCG）-DNA as an adjuvant on immune responses of mice against foot-and-mouth disease （FMD）, Aujeszky＇s disease （AID） and classical swine fever （CSF）. BCG-DNA was purified from BCG by ion-exchange chromatography. Three DNA vaccines （pVSG, pVgD and pVE2） against the respective infection were constructed, and BCGDNA was coimmunized to mice by muscle injection. The results showed that titres of specific immunoglobulin （Ig）G to the vaccines mounted remarkably in the sera of the adjuvant covaccinated mice （P〈0.01）. Antibody isotype IgG2a and IgG1 also increased, respectively, in mice coimmunized with BCG-DNA compared with those of the control groups （P〈0.01）. Cellular immune cytokine interferon-gamma and cytotoxic T lymphocytes were detected in coimmunized BCG-DNA groups （P〈0. 05）. Whereas interleukin-4, humoral immune cytokine, was not significant （P〉 0. 05）. These results suggest that codelivery of BCG-DNA with DNA vaccines against FMD, AjD and CSF can enhance the induction of antigen-specific, especially, cell-mediated immunity.     

The Third World Integrative Medicine Congress Abstracts (Excerption)

The 3rd World Integrative Medicine Congress (3rd WIMCO) was held on September 22-24, 2007 in Guangzhou, China. The Congress has showed the academic achievements of integrative medicine in the recent five years covering a wide range of fields, such as basic and experimental research; clinical research; theory, education and management research; new drug research and development; and application of evidence-based medicine.