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31.
During the past decades in Finland and internationally, numerous improvements have been made to relieve the inconveniencies faced by patients and their parents during childhood cancer treatment. The aim of this study was to find out which issues are rated differently by patients and proxies and also by mothers and fathers. The results may, in the future, guide us in planning the assessments aimed to be used near the time of treatment. In a cross-sectional setting, queries were performed from 3 to 48 months after diagnosis, and a questionnaire with visual analog scales was used. The issues in relation to disease, treatment, and social network were assessed. There were 99 families responding, which was 67% of all eligible families. An analysis of observer agreement of categorical assessments was performed between mother and father in 61 families, and between mother and school-aged patient in 34 families. Changes in appearance, influence of isolation, missing school, and treatment-related procedures such as venous punctures were rated more unpleasant/worrisome by school-aged patients than parents. Thus, these issues cannot be assessed reliably by proxies. Child's social relations, acute side effects of treatment, and perceived support and also adequacy of information from hospital team were quite reliably assessed by proxies. The influences of pain and procedures under anesthesia were, however, overestimated by the proxies. The concerns about acute symptoms, possibilities of recovery, and especially late effects did not seem to be an issue affecting the patients' well-being. However, these items did significantly bother the minds of the parents, especially mothers, and may thus have an indirect influence on the patients' life as well. The minor differences between the ratings of fathers and mothers could mainly be explained by mothers' major role as caregivers and fathers' role as breadwinners of the family. However, as fathers may be less involved in hospital-related issues, they also may miss some information and support provided by the hospital team.  相似文献   
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Background  

The expression of a neural crest stem cell marker, polysialic acid (polySia), and its main carrier, neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), have been detected in some malignant tumors with high metastatic activity and unfavorable prognosis, but the diagnostic and prognostic value of polySia-NCAM in neuroblastoma is unclear.  相似文献   
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The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of the energy cost of swimming, body composition, and technical parameters on swimming performance in young swimmers. Twenty-nine swimmers, 15 prepubertal (11.9 +/- 0.3 years; Tanner Stages 1-2) and 14 pubertal (14.3 +/- 1.4 years; Tanner Stages 3-4) boys participated in the study. The energy cost of swimming (Cs) and stroking parameters were assessed over maximal 400-m front-crawl swimming in a 25-m swimming pool. The backward extrapolation technique was used to evaluate peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak). A stroke index (SI; m2 . s(-1) . cycles(-1)) was calculated by multiplying the swimming speed by the stroke length. VO2peak results were compared with VO2peak test in the laboratory (bicycle, 2.86 +/- 0.74 L/min, vs. in water, 2.53 +/- 0.50 L/min; R2 = .713; p = .0001). Stepwise-regression analyses revealed that SI (R2 = .898), in-water VO2peak (R2 = .358), and arm span (R2 = .454) were the best predictors of swimming performance. The backward-extrapolation method could be used to assess VO2peak in young swimmers. SI, arm span, and VO2peak appear to be the major determinants of front-crawl swimming performance in young swimmers.  相似文献   
36.

Purpose  

The purpose of this Finnish total cohort survey was to assess and compare the self-reported health-related quality of life (HRQL) in childhood cancer survivors to that of matched controls, to analyse demographic and disease-related factors explaining survivors’ HRQL, and to compare the results of two different HRQL instruments, 16D/17D and PedsQL™.  相似文献   
37.
The aim of the present study was to explore the possibility of predicting the incidence of dental caries from obesity. The subjects were 516 children living in Luvia, Finland, born between 1972 and 1981. Obesity alone was not a very good predictor of dental decay. When predicting caries in the permanent first molars using both earlier obesity and earlier caries experience as predicting indicators, 65-70% of the true risk group was identified. This combination was even better for the prediction of caries in permanent second molars.  相似文献   
38.
This paper aims to provide an overview of factors affecting the validity of epidemiological studies on health effects of mobile phone use. A qualitative review of published studies is presented, covering both risk assessment and exposure assessment. Considerable random error is likely to have occurred in studies carried out so far, primarily related to exposure assessment. Self-reported use of mobile phone appears to be imprecise. The relationship between the amount of mobile phone use and the radio-frequency field is unclear. Several factors affect the strength of the radio-frequency field emitted by the phone, and accommodating their effect has the potential to improve exposure assessment. The major opportunity to improve the quality of evidence is, however, through prospective studies. The major limitation of epidemiological studies addressing the health effects of mobile phone use is related to exposure assessment. These limitations are inherent in case-control studies. Quality of evidence can be improved by conducting prospective cohort studies.  相似文献   
39.
Background: Detection of myocardial ischemia was studied with multichannel exercise magneto‐cardiography (MCG). A surface gradient method was applied to analyze cardiac magnetic fields. Methods: We studied 27 patients with single vessel coronary artery disease (CAD) and 17 healthy volunteers. The MCG was recorded over anterior chest during supine bicycle ergometry. The two‐dimensional direction of the maximum spatial magnetic field gradient was determined during the ST segment and at the T‐wave apex at different phases of stress test. Results: The CAD patient group was separated from controls by the orientation of the magnetic field gradient during the ST segment at cessation of exercise (CAD 167 ± 68° vs controls 106 ± 49°; P < 0.005) and at 4 minutes postexercise, but not at rest. The‐CAD patient group was separated from controls also by the orientation of the magnetic field gradient at the T‐wave apex at 4 minutes postexercise (CAD 87 ± 60° vs controls 58 ± 18° P < 0.05), but not at rest. The change in the orientation of the field gradient at the T‐wave apex 4 minutes postexercise, compared to baseline, was greater in CAD patients (31 ± 43°) than in controls (9 ± 8° P < 0.05). This change was larger in the patient group with stenosis in the right than in the left coronary artery (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Transient acute myocardial ischemia causes well‐recognizable changes in the magnetocardiogram at the ST segment and the T wave. The orientation of the maximum spatial gradient of the magnetic field can be used as a parameter to determine these changes.  相似文献   
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