全文获取类型
收费全文 | 6732篇 |
免费 | 538篇 |
国内免费 | 17篇 |
专业分类
耳鼻咽喉 | 100篇 |
儿科学 | 165篇 |
妇产科学 | 99篇 |
基础医学 | 803篇 |
口腔科学 | 97篇 |
临床医学 | 778篇 |
内科学 | 1471篇 |
皮肤病学 | 148篇 |
神经病学 | 421篇 |
特种医学 | 200篇 |
外科学 | 990篇 |
综合类 | 44篇 |
一般理论 | 2篇 |
预防医学 | 525篇 |
眼科学 | 194篇 |
药学 | 674篇 |
中国医学 | 55篇 |
肿瘤学 | 521篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 11篇 |
2023年 | 89篇 |
2022年 | 233篇 |
2021年 | 374篇 |
2020年 | 206篇 |
2019年 | 252篇 |
2018年 | 289篇 |
2017年 | 191篇 |
2016年 | 199篇 |
2015年 | 212篇 |
2014年 | 274篇 |
2013年 | 336篇 |
2012年 | 468篇 |
2011年 | 453篇 |
2010年 | 242篇 |
2009年 | 238篇 |
2008年 | 354篇 |
2007年 | 374篇 |
2006年 | 336篇 |
2005年 | 343篇 |
2004年 | 272篇 |
2003年 | 269篇 |
2002年 | 235篇 |
2001年 | 162篇 |
2000年 | 150篇 |
1999年 | 137篇 |
1998年 | 59篇 |
1997年 | 57篇 |
1996年 | 42篇 |
1995年 | 22篇 |
1994年 | 20篇 |
1993年 | 15篇 |
1992年 | 47篇 |
1991年 | 41篇 |
1990年 | 56篇 |
1989年 | 35篇 |
1988年 | 22篇 |
1987年 | 28篇 |
1986年 | 22篇 |
1985年 | 24篇 |
1984年 | 22篇 |
1983年 | 11篇 |
1982年 | 6篇 |
1981年 | 5篇 |
1980年 | 4篇 |
1979年 | 6篇 |
1978年 | 9篇 |
1977年 | 4篇 |
1973年 | 6篇 |
1972年 | 5篇 |
排序方式: 共有7287条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
11.
12.
Protection Against Chemically-Induced Oxidative Gastrointestinal Tissue Injury in Rats by Bismuth Salts 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Debasis Bagchi Owen R. Carryl Minh X. Tran Manashi Bagchi Phillip J. Vuchetich Roger L. Krohn Siddhartha D. Ray Sekhar Mitra Sidney J. Stohs 《Digestive diseases and sciences》1997,42(9):1890-1900
Oxygen free radicals (OFR) are implicated in thepathogenesis of stress, chemically induced gastriclesions, and gastrointestinal injury. Theconcentration-dependent scavenging abilities of bismuthsubsalicylate (SBS), colloidal bismuth subcitrate (CBS), andselected OFR scavengers, including superoxide dismutase(SOD), catalase, mannitol, and allopurinol were examinedagainst biochemically or chemically generated superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical, andhypochlorite radical plus hypochlorous acid based on achemiluminescence assay. Furthermore, both gastric (GM)and intestinal mucosa (IM) were individually exposed in vitro to these free radical generatingsystems, and the concentration-dependent protectiveabilities of SBS and CBS against lipid peroxidation (LP)were compared with selected OFR scavengers. In addition, 24-hr fasted rats were orally treated with thenecrotizing agents 0.6 M HCl, 0.2 M NaOH, 80% ethanol,and aspirin (200 mg/kg). The extent of tissue injury inthe GM and IM was determined by assessing LP, DNA fragmentation, and membrane microviscosity.Dose- and time-dependent in vivo protective abilities ofCBS (100 mg/kg) and SBS (15 mg/kg) were also assessed.Following incubations with superoxide anion and hydroxyl radical generating systems in thepresence of 125 mg SBS/liter, approximately 47% and 61%inhibitions were observed in the chemiluminescenceresponse, respectively, while 48% and 46% inhibitions were observed with 125 mg CBS/liter. SBS andCBS exerted similar abilities towards hypochloriteradical plus hypochlorous acid. Approx. 3.1- and3.7-fold increases in LP were observed in the GM and IMof rats following oral administration of 0.6 MHCl. Pretreatment of the rats with SBS and CBS decreased0.6 M HCl-induced LP in the GM by approx. 39% and 27%,respectively, with similar decreases in LP in the IM. SBS exhibited better protectiveabilities towards 0.6 M HCl and 0.2 m NaOH-induced GMand IM injury as compared to CBS. SBS and CBS providedsimilar protection towards 80% ethanol-induced gastric injury, while CBS exerted a superior protectiveability towards aspirin-induced gastric injury. Theresults demonstrate that both SBS and CBS can scavengereactive oxygen species and prevent tissue damage produced by OFR. 相似文献
13.
Administration of either the muscarinic antagonist scopolamine or the benzodiazepine diazepam prior to training produced a dose-dependent impairment in the retention of one-trial inhibitory avoidance training in mice. To investigate the nature of this drug effect, the effects of scopolamine and diazepam were subsequently assessed on both acquisition and retention of inhibitory avoidance using a multiple-trial, training-to-criterion procedure. The training was conducted using either continuous trials in which the mouse was free to shuttle back and forth between shock and safe compartments or discrete trials in which the mouse was moved from the shock compartment of the safe compartment at the start of each trial. In either case, training continued until the mouse refrained from crossing into the shock compartment for a specified length of time on a single trial. Scopolamine (1.0 mg/kg) administered before training significantly increased the number of trials required to attain criterion, but did not affect retention when these mice were tested 2, 16, or 28 days later. In contrast, diazepam (1.0 mg/kg) did not significantly alter the number of trials necessary to reach criterion, but impaired retention of the inhibitory response in mice trained using discrete trials. The differences in the amnestic effects of scopolamine and diazepam revealed by this detailed analysis suggest that diazepam does not impair inhibitory avoidance performance through an effect on cholinergic function. 相似文献
14.
Neonatal 6-hydroxydopa, but not DSP-4, elevates brainstem monoamines and impairs inhibitory avoidance learning in developing rats 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
C A Cornwell-Jones M W Decker J W Chang B Cole K M Goltz T Tran J L McGaugh 《Brain research》1989,493(2):258-268
The involvement of brain monoamines in learning and memory in developing rats was studied by comparing the effects of 3 different noradrenergic neurotoxin treatments. Two experimental groups of male Sprague-Dawley rat pups were injected systemically with 50 micrograms/g of N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine (DSP-4) either on the day of birth or on postnatal days 17-18. Rats in the third experimental group were injected systemically with 60 micrograms/g of 6-hydroxydopa (6-OHDOPA) on postnatal days 0 and 2. Control littermates received vehicle. The animals were trained on an inhibitory avoidance task on postnatal days 27-29 and tested for retention 24 h later. The drug treatments produced comparable depletion of norepinephrine in the hippocampus and frontal cortex. 6-OHDOPA, but neither DSP-4 treatment, significantly elevated brainstem concentrations of norepinephrine and serotonin. In addition, 6-OHDOPA, but not DSP-4, significantly impaired retention of the inhibitory avoidance task. The impairment did not reflect insensitivity to the footshock used in training: both neonatal drug treatments tended to lower, not raise, footshock thresholds, as measured by a flinch test. High affinity choline uptake was not affected by either neonatal drug treatment in any of the brain areas examined. Thus, the 6-OHDOPA-induced behavioral deficit did not involve altered acetylcholine function. The results implicate brainstem monoamines in the modulation of learning and memory during development. 相似文献
15.
Robert Ritch Jeffrey M. Liebmann H. Viet Tran 《American journal of ophthalmology》2003,136(2):395-396
16.
17.
Feng-Chun Tsai Daniel Marelli Jessica Bresson David Gjertson Reza Kermani Abbas Ardehali Fardad Esmailian Michele Hamilton Gregg C Fonarow Jaime Moriguchi Mark Plunkett Antoine Hage Julie Tran Jon A Kobashigawa Hillel Laks 《American journal of transplantation》2002,2(6):539-545
Older age, prior transplantation, pulmonary hypertension, and mechanical support are commonly seen in current potential cardiac transplant recipients. Transplants in 436 consecutive adult patients from 1994 to 1999 were reviewed. There were 251 using standard donors in 243 patients (age range 18-69 years). To emphasize recipient risk, 185 patients who received a nonstandard donor were excluded from analysis. The indications for transplant were ischemic heart disease (n = 123, 47%), dilated cardiomyopathy (n = 82, 32%), and others (n=56, 21%). One hundred and forty-nine (57%) recipients were listed as status I; 5 and 6% were supported with an intra-aortic balloon and an assist device, respectively. The 30-d survival and survival to discharge were 94.7 and 92.7%, respectively; 1-year survival was 89.1%. Causes of early death were graft failure (n = 6), infection (n = 4), stroke (n = 4), multiorgan failure (n = 3) and rejection (n = 2). Predictors were balloon pump use alone (OR= 11.4, p =0.002), pulmonary vascular resistance > 4 Wood units (OR = 5.7, p = 0.007), pretransplant creatinine > 2.0 mg/dL (OR = 6.9, p = 0.004) and female donor (OR = 8.3, p = 0.002). Recipient age and previous surgery did not affect short-term survival. Heart transplantation in the current era consistently offers excellent early and 1-year survival for well-selected recipients receiving standard donors. Early mortality tends to reflect graft failure while hospital mortality may be more indicative of recipient selection. 相似文献
18.
Luc G.T. Morris MD Theresa N. Tran MD Mark D. DeLacure MD 《Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery》2007,137(6):947-949
BACKGROUND: Minimally invasive esophagectomy (MIE) via thoracoscopy and laparoscopy have reduced the morbidity and mortality of total esophagectomy at experienced centers. MIE has not been evaluated in combination with major head and neck surgery, or in the otolaryngology literature. METHODS: Case series of 11 consecutive patients undergoing either open or MIE with an ablative neck procedure. RESULTS: Comparing 4 MIEs and 7 open operations, similar operative time, blood loss, and ICU and hospital length of stay were observed. There was one mortality in the open group. A 100% rate of major complications was observed in the MIE group. CONCLUSION: Our multidisciplinary team was unable to achieve improved outcomes in a series of head and neck surgical patients undergoing MIE. This result may represent an early stage of the learning curve for MIE, but may also be attributed to the escalated surgical requirements of head and neck patients. 相似文献
19.
Mario Feola Jan Simoni David Fishman Rue Tran Peter C. Canizaro 《Artificial organs》1989,13(3):209-215
Hemoglobin (Hb) solutions can cause vasoconstriction and activation of intravascular coagulation. Because the endothelium plays a major role in the regulation of vascular tone and hemostasis, a study was conducted of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (EC) incubated with various Hbs. Cell injury was evaluated by electron microscopy and the release of lactic dehydrogenase, H2O2, and procoagulant "tissue factor." Cell reaction was assessed by the measurement of 6-keto-prostaglandin F (PGF)1 alpha (metabolite of prostacyclin) and thromboxane B2 (metabolite of thromboxane A2). Incubation with unmodified bovine hemoglobin for 24 h caused no cell injury and a reaction characterized by 48.4 +/- 8.2% increase in 6-keto-PGF1 alpha production, accompanied by 40.2 +/- 9.4% reduction in thromboxane (Tx)B2 (compared with a control group of EC incubated with saline solution). Incubation with a nonpure Hb solution (Hb plus red blood cell membrane aminophospholipids; a-PLs) caused cell injury with significant release of tissue factor, plus a reaction characterized by 97.5 +/- 12.5% increase in TxB2 production accompanied by 25.3 +/- 3% reduction in 6-keto-PGF1 alpha. A second nonpure Hb [Hb plus bacterial environmental endotoxin (E)] caused cell injury, the release of tissue factor, and increased production of both prostaglandins, with greater release of TxB2 (197 +/- 17%) than of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha (112 +/- 8.3%). These data indicate that the endothelium reacts differently to pure and nonpure hemoglobins. The biocompatibility of Hb solutions, with regard to vasoconstriction and activation of intravascular coagulation, depends on the absence of stromal a-PLs and bacterial E. 相似文献
20.
Complete Sequence of a 93.4-kb Contig from Chromosome 3 of Trypanosoma cruzi Containing a Strand-Switch Region 下载免费PDF全文
Bjrn Andersson Lena slund Martti Tammi Anh-Nhi Tran Jrg D. Hoheisel Ulf Pettersson 《Genome research》1998,8(8):809-816
We have initiated large-scale sequencing of the third smallest chromosome of the CL Brener strain of Trypanosoma cruzi and we report here the complete sequence of a contig consisting of three cosmids. This contig covers 93.4 kb and has been found to contain 20–30 novel genes and several repeat elements, including a novel chromosome 3-specific 400-bp repeat sequence. The intergenic sequences were found to be rich in di- and trinucleotide repeats of varying lengths and also contained several known T. cruzi repeat elements. The sequence contains 29 open reading frames (ORFs) longer than 700 bp, the longest being 5157 bp, and a large number of shorter ORFs. Of the long ORFs, seven show homology to known genes in parasites and other organisms, whereas four ORFs were confirmed by sequencing of cDNA clones. Two shorter ORFs were confirmed by a database homology and a cDNA clone, respectively, and one RNA gene was identified. The identified genes include two copies of the gene for alanine-aminotransferase as well as genes for glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, protein kinases and phosphatases, and an ATP synthase subunit. An interesting feature of the sequence was that the genes appear to be organized in two long clusters containing multiple genes on the same strand. The two clusters are transcribed in opposite directions and they are separated by an ~20-kb long, relatively GC-rich sequence, that contains two large repetitive elements as well as a pseudogene for cruzipain and a gene for U2snRNA. It is likely that this strand switch region contains one or more regulatory and promoter regions. The reported sequence provides the first insight into the genome organization of T. cruzi and shows the potential of this approach for rapid identification of novel genes. 相似文献