Psychosocial health risk factors and resources of medical students and physicians: a cross-sectional study

Background  

Epidemiological data indicate elevated psychosocial health risks for physicians, e. g., burnout, depression, marital disturbances, alcohol and substance abuse, and suicide. The purpose of this study was to identify psychosocial health resources and risk factors in profession-related behaviour and experience patterns of medical students and physicians that may serve as a basis for appropriate health promoting interventions.     

Cardiorespiratory fitness and body mass index values in 9-year-old rural Norwegian children

Aim: To describe cardiorespiratory fitness and body mass index (BMI) values in a representative population of 9-year-old Norwegian children in two rural communities and compare present values with previous findings.
Methods: Two hundred and fifty-nine 9-year-old children were invited, and 256 participated in this study. Maximal oxygen uptake was directly measured during a continuous progressive treadmill protocol. Body mass and height were also measured.
Results: The mean ± SD relative maximal oxygen uptake was 52.8 ± 6.5 for boys and 46.9 ± 7.2 mL/kg/min for girls. Eight percent of the boys and 16.8% of the girls were classified as overweight, and 1.6% of the boys and 6.9% of the girls as obese. Mean age, body mass, height and Ponderal index were not significantly different between sexes. Girls had a higher BMI than boys (p = 0.05).
Conclusion: Compared to earlier Norwegian studies, children's BMI values seem to have increased substantially. This increase is most pronounced in girls. When assessing these differences using the PI, this increase is less marked. Comparing maximal oxygen uptake data with that in earlier Nordic studies, there is no evidence that fitness has declined among 9-year olds. However, the limitations of the few earlier studies make reliable comparisons difficult.     

Forecasting aphid outbreaks and epidemics of Cucumber mosaic virus in lupin crops in a Mediterranean-type environment

Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) causes a serious disease of narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius). It is seed-borne in lupin and seed-infected plants act as the primary virus source for secondary spread by aphid vectors within crops. Infection with CMV causes yield losses of up to 60% in epidemic years, but has little impact on yield in years when spread is limited. Aphids also cause sporadic yield losses due to direct feeding damage. A simulation model was developed to forecast aphid outbreaks and epidemics of CMV in lupin crops growing in the 'grainbelt' of south-west Australia, which has a Mediterranean-type climate. The model uses rainfall during summer and early autumn to calculate an index of aphid build-up on weeds, crop volunteers and self-regenerating annual pastures in each 'grainbelt' locality before the growing season commences in late autumn. The index is used to forecast the timing of aphid immigration into crops. The subsequent aphid build-up and movement within the crop, spread of CMV from virus-infected source plants within the crop, yield losses and percentage of harvested seed-infected are then calculated. The model evaluates the effects of different sowing dates, percentages of CMV infection in seed sown and plant population densities on virus spread. The model simulations were validated with 14 years' field data from six different sites in the 'grainbelt', representing a wide range of pre-growing season rainfall scenarios, sowing dates, percentages of infection in seed sown and plant population densities. The model was incorporated into a decision support system (DSS) for use by lupin farmers and agricultural consultants in planning CMV management and targeting sprays against aphids to prevent direct feeding damage. The inputs required from the user are lupin cultivar, anticipated emergence date, percentage CMV infection in seed sown, plant density and location. The output consists of a personalised risk forecast for the user and includes predictions for date of first aphid arrival, aphid numbers, CMV spread, final virus incidence, yield loss due to infection and percentage infection in harvested seed. Predictions from the DSS are accessible via an Internet site and from other information sources. The model can serve as a template for modelling similar virus/aphid vector pathosystems in other regions of the world, especially those with Mediterranean-type climates.     

Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia studied by gallium-67 scanning

The validity and reliability of gallium-67 (Ga-67) scanning for diagnosis and follow-up of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) were assessed in 34 patients thought to have pulmonary complications of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Overall sensitivity was 94% and specificity 74%. Among patients with normal or equivocal chest radiographs at the time of admission, sensitivity was 86% and specificity 85%. The authors consider Ga-67 scanning a valid and reliable adjunct in the diagnosis of PCP in AIDS patients with respiratory symptoms when the chest radiograph is normal or equivocal.     

Massive hemoptysis: control by embolization of the thyrocervical trunk

A case of recurrent hemoptysis following bronchial artery embolization is presented. The bleeding was successfully controlled by embolization of the thyrocervical trunk.     

Prostatic cancer therapy: comparison of external-beam radiation and I- 125 seed implantation treatment of stages B and C neoplasms

Of 179 patients with stage B or C adenocarcinoma of the prostate, 106 underwent iodine-125 seed-implant therapy (I-125 SI) and 73 received external-beam radiation therapy (EB). A retrospective analysis determined disease-free survival rate, local tumor control, and complication rate for each treatment group. The 5-year disease-free survival rates for SI-treated patients were 75% for stage B and 30% for stage C groups. Corresponding rates for EB-treated patients were 75% and 40%, respectively. The rate of local tumor control for stage B patients was 85% for SI-treated and 88% for EB-treated patients. The corresponding rates for stage C tumors were 75% for SI-treated and 92% for EB-treated patients. The rate of long-term complications in each group was approximately 10%. For stage B cancer of the prostate, I-125 SI treatment is an acceptable alternative to EB therapy; our data are inconclusive regarding stage C treatment, but EB therapy is preferred.