全文获取类型
收费全文 | 2081篇 |
免费 | 117篇 |
国内免费 | 12篇 |
专业分类
耳鼻咽喉 | 4篇 |
儿科学 | 25篇 |
妇产科学 | 19篇 |
基础医学 | 288篇 |
口腔科学 | 84篇 |
临床医学 | 112篇 |
内科学 | 537篇 |
皮肤病学 | 27篇 |
神经病学 | 173篇 |
特种医学 | 41篇 |
外科学 | 421篇 |
综合类 | 4篇 |
预防医学 | 73篇 |
眼科学 | 74篇 |
药学 | 168篇 |
中国医学 | 11篇 |
肿瘤学 | 149篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 10篇 |
2022年 | 22篇 |
2021年 | 43篇 |
2020年 | 19篇 |
2019年 | 24篇 |
2018年 | 30篇 |
2017年 | 30篇 |
2016年 | 26篇 |
2015年 | 49篇 |
2014年 | 58篇 |
2013年 | 67篇 |
2012年 | 99篇 |
2011年 | 115篇 |
2010年 | 69篇 |
2009年 | 55篇 |
2008年 | 104篇 |
2007年 | 139篇 |
2006年 | 115篇 |
2005年 | 90篇 |
2004年 | 92篇 |
2003年 | 90篇 |
2002年 | 113篇 |
2001年 | 60篇 |
2000年 | 59篇 |
1999年 | 57篇 |
1998年 | 34篇 |
1997年 | 22篇 |
1996年 | 28篇 |
1995年 | 28篇 |
1994年 | 24篇 |
1993年 | 17篇 |
1992年 | 29篇 |
1991年 | 32篇 |
1990年 | 36篇 |
1989年 | 44篇 |
1988年 | 36篇 |
1987年 | 30篇 |
1986年 | 22篇 |
1985年 | 29篇 |
1984年 | 20篇 |
1983年 | 15篇 |
1982年 | 15篇 |
1979年 | 13篇 |
1978年 | 8篇 |
1977年 | 8篇 |
1975年 | 11篇 |
1973年 | 9篇 |
1972年 | 10篇 |
1971年 | 10篇 |
1970年 | 9篇 |
排序方式: 共有2210条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
81.
82.
Emi Kawaguchi Kenji Ishikura Riku Hamada Yoshinobu Nagaoka Yoshihiko Morikawa Tomoyuki Sakai Yuko Hamasaki Hiroshi Hataya Eiichiro Noda Masaru Miura Takashi Ando Masataka Honda 《Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany)》2014,29(11):2165-2171
Background
Prednisolone, the first-line treatment for children with nephrotic syndrome, causes severe side effects. One of these side effects is ocular hypertension, which can result in severe and permanent visual disturbance. However, the exact prevalence, severity and timing of development of ocular hypertension have yet to be fully explored in this pediatric patient group.Methods
In this retrospective cohort study, children with nephrotic syndrome treated with prednisolone for their first episode were analyzed. Intraocular pressure was screened with an iCare® tonometer and confirmed with Goldmann applanation tonometry before the initiation of prednisolone treatment and at 1 and 4 weeks thereafter.Results
A total of 26 children with nephrotic syndrome were included in this study, of whom eight (30.8 %) required treatment with eye drops for ocular hypertension. The median time interval between the diagnosis of ocular hypertension and start of treatment was 9 (range 5–31) days. At relapse of nephrotic syndrome, all children who had undergone treatment for ocular hypertension in their first episode again required treatment for ocular hypertension.Conclusions
Routine ophthalmologic examination should be conducted from the early phase after the start of prednisolone treatment. In addition, children with episodes of ocular hypertension may be at greater risk of its reappearance with relapse of the nephrotic syndrome. 相似文献83.
Junji Iwasaki Taku Iida Masaki Mizumoto Tadahiro Uemura Shintaro Yagi Tomohide Hori Kohei Ogawa Yasuhiro Fujimoto Akira Mori Toshimi Kaido Shinji Uemoto 《Transplant international》2014,27(11):1205-1213
This study investigated adequate liver graft selection for donor safety by comparing postoperative donor liver function and morbidity between the right and left hemilivers (RL and LL, respectively) of living donors. Between April 2006 and March 2012, RL (n = 168) and LL (n = 140) donor operations were performed for liver transplantation at Kyoto University Hospital. Postoperative hyperbilirubinemia and coagulopathy persisted in RL donors, whereas the liver function of LL donors normalized more rapidly. The overall complication rate of the RL donors was significantly higher than that of the LL donors (59.5% vs. 30.7%; P < 0.001). There were no significant differences in severe complications worse than Clavien grade IIIa or in biliary complication rates between the two donor groups. In April 2006, we introduced an innovative surgical procedure: hilar dissection preserving the blood supply to the bile duct during donor hepatectomy. Compared with our previous outcomes (1990–2006), the biliary complication rate of the RL donors decreased from 12.2% to 7.2%, and the severity of these complications was significantly lower. In conclusion, LL donors demonstrated good recovery in postoperative liver function and lower morbidity, and our surgical innovations reduced the severity of biliary complications in living donors. 相似文献
84.
Ryo Horita Aki Kawamoto Akihiro Nishio Tadahiro Sado Benjamin D. Locke Mayumi Yamamoto 《Clinical psychology & psychotherapy》2020,27(1):97-105
There is currently no reliable and valid multidimensional instrument for measuring psychological symptoms among Japanese university students. The purpose of this pilot study was to translate the Counseling Center Assessment of Psychological Symptoms‐62 (CCAPS‐62) into Japanese and evaluate its validity and reliability. Following robust translation procedures, the CCAPS‐Japanese was created. In the validation study, 2,758 undergraduate students from 11 universities (mean age = 19.08 ± 1.85 years) completed the CCAPS‐Japanese. The results of confirmatory factor analysis supported the theoretical eight‐factor structure model of the CCAPS‐Japanese with the exclusion of seven items. The decision to retain/remove items was made by evaluating factor loadings and model fit indices while considering cultural equivalence and structural validity. Using the finalized 55‐item CCAPS‐Japanese, further analyses demonstrated that the eight subscales had acceptable to good internal consistencies (α = .61–.89). Thus, the tool's validity and reliability were established. The CCAPS‐Japanese may be appropriate for assessing the psychological concerns of Japanese university students. 相似文献
85.
Erika Ishihara Yuya Nagaoka Toshiaki Okuno Satoshi Kofuji Mari Ishigami‐Yuasa Hiroyuki Kagechika Kenya Kamimura Shuji Terai Takehiko Yokomizo Yukihiko Sugimoto Yasuyuki Fujita Akira Suzuki Hiroshi Nishina 《Genes to cells : devoted to molecular & cellular mechanisms》2020,25(3):197-214
Cell competition is a biological process by which unfit cells are eliminated from “cell society.” We previously showed that cultured mammalian epithelial Madin‐Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells expressing constitutively active YAP were eliminated by apical extrusion when surrounded by “normal” MDCK cells. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the elimination of active YAP‐expressing cells was unknown. Here, we used high‐throughput chemical compound screening to identify cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) as a key molecule triggering cell competition. Our work shows that COX‐2‐mediated PGE2 secretion engages its receptor EP2 on abnormal and nearby normal cells. This engagement of EP2 triggers downstream signaling via an adenylyl cyclase‐cyclic AMP‐PKA pathway that, in the presence of active YAP, induces E‐cadherin internalization leading to apical extrusion. Thus, COX‐2‐induced PGE2 appears a warning signal to both abnormal and surrounding normal cells to drive cell competition. 相似文献
86.
87.
Shogo Tajima Hiroki Kodama Tadahiro Kamiya Masaki Terasaki 《Pathology international》2014,64(8):402-408
An 81‐year‐old man was referred to our hospital because gastric cancer was detected on screening esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Surgical resection of the tumor was performed. It was 25 × 20 mm in size and swollen lymph nodes were present nearby. Lymphadenectomy was also performed. Histopathologically, the tumor reached the proper muscle layer via venous invasion. There were three components that constituted the tumor, that is, 40% of mass was invasive micropapillary carcinoma (IMPC), 40% was papillary adenocarcinoma and 20% tubular adenocarcinoma. Vascular invasion was prominent. Immunohistochemistry revealed that the tumor showed an entirely intestinal mucin phenotype, being positive only for CD10 and negative for MUC2, MUC5AC, and MUC6. HER2 staining score ranged from 2+ to 3+, depending on the components described above. HER2 gene amplification was present in all the components according to dual‐color in situ hybridization. The metastatic lymph nodes were similar to the primary site in morphology and immunohistochemistry, but HER2 amplification was higher in the lymph nodes. The IMPC component with HER2 amplification is rarely seen and its positivity for CD10 is an unexpected finding for gastric IMPC. Hence, this is a highly unusual case judging by the literature; further studies are needed to clarify the nature of gastric IMPC. 相似文献
88.
Fumiaki Ono Takumi Okihara Noboru Osaka Noriyuki Nagaoka Yuji Kameoka Akira Ishikawa Hironari Ooki Takumi Ito Daisuke Todome Shinya Uemoto Mitsuaki Furutani Tsutomu Inokuchi Kenji Okada 《RSC advances》2022,12(6):3300
Nitrogen/phosphorus-containing melamines (NPCM), a durable flame-retardant, were prepared by the successive treatment of ArOH (Ar = BrnC6H5−n, n = 0, 1, 2, and 3) with POCl3 and melamine monomer. The prepared flame-retardants were grafted through the CH2 unit to lignocellulose nanofibers (LCNFs) by the Mannich reaction. The resulting three-component products were characterized using FT-IR (ATR) and EA. The thermal behavior of the NPCM-treated LCNF fabric samples was determined using TGA and DSC analyses, and their flammability resistances were evaluated by measuring their Limited Oxygen Index (LOI) and the UL-94V test. A multitude of flame retardant elements in the fabric samples increased the LOI values as much as 45 from 20 of the untreated LCNFs. Moreover, the morphology of both the NPCM-treated LCNFs and their burnt fabrics was studied with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The heat release lowering effect of the LCNF fabric against the water-based paint was observed with a cone calorimeter. Furthermore, the mechanical properties represented as the tensile strength of the NPCM-treated LCNF fabrics revealed that the increase of the NPCM content in the PP-composites led to an increased bending strength with enhancing the flame-retardance.LCNFs were grafted with nitrogen/phosphorus-containing melamines to achieve potent flame-retardance and converted to PP-composites of improved mechanical properties. 相似文献
89.
Portacaval shunt causes apoptosis and liver atrophy in rats despite increases in endogenous levels of major hepatic growth factors 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Gandhi CR Murase N Subbotin VM Uemura T Nalesnik M Demetris AJ Fung JJ Starzl TE 《Journal of hepatology》2002,37(3):340-348
BACKGROUND/AIMS: The response to the liver damage caused by portacaval shunt (PCS) is characterized by low-grade hyperplasia and atrophy. To clarify mechanisms of this dissociation, we correlated the expression of 'hepatotrophic factors' and the antihepatotrophic and proapoptotic peptide, transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta, with the pathologic changes caused by PCS in rats. METHODS: PCS was created by side-to-side anastomosis between the portal vein and inferior vena cava, with ligation of the hilar portal vein. Hepatic growth mediators were measured to 2 months. RESULTS: The decrease in the liver/body weight ratio during the first 7 days which stabilized by day 15, corresponded to parenchymal cell apoptosis and increases in hepatic TGF-beta concentration that peaked at 1.4 x baseline at 15 days before returning to control levels by day 30. Variable increases in the concentrations of growth promoters (hepatocyte growth factor, TGF-alpha and augmenter of liver regeneration) also occurred during the period of hepatocellular apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS: The development of hepatic atrophy was associated with changes in TGF-beta concentration, and occurred despite increased expression of multiple putative growth promoters. The findings suggest that apoptosis set in motion by TGF-beta constrains the amount of hepatocyte proliferation independently from control of liver volume. 相似文献
90.
Sinusoidal endothelial cell and hepatocyte death following cold ischemia-warm reperfusion of the rat liver 总被引:31,自引:0,他引:31
Huet PM Nagaoka MR Desbiens G Tarrab E Brault A Bralet MP Bilodeau M 《Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.)》2004,39(4):1110-1119
Cold ischemia-warm reperfusion (CI-WR) injury of the liver is characterized by marked alterations of sinusoidal endothelial cells (SECs), whereas hepatocytes appear to be relatively unscathed. However, the time course and mechanism of cell death remain controversial: early versus late phenomenon, necrosis versus apoptosis? We describe the occurrence and nature of cell death after different periods of CI with University of Wisconsin (UW) solution and after different periods of WR in the isolated perfused rat liver model. After 24- and 42-hour CI (viable and nonviable livers, respectively), similar patterns of liver cell death were seen: SEC necrosis appeared early after WR (10 minutes) and remained stable for up to 120 minutes. After 30 minutes of WR, apoptosis increased progressively with WR length. Based on morphological criteria, apoptotic cells were mainly hepatocytes within liver plates or extruded in the sinusoidal lumen. In addition, only after 42-hour CI were large clusters of necrotic hepatocytes found in areas of congested sinusoids. In these same livers, the hepatic microcirculation, evaluated by means of the multiple-indicator dilution technique, revealed extracellular matrix disappearance with no-flow areas. In conclusion, different time courses and mechanisms of cell death occur in rat livers after CI-WR, with early SEC necrosis followed by delayed hepatocyte apoptosis. These processes do not appear to be of major importance in the mechanism of graft failure because they are similar under both nonlethal and lethal conditions; this is not the case for the loss of the extracellular matrix found only under lethal conditions and associated with hepatocyte necrosis. 相似文献