OBJECTIVES: An investigation was conducted to determine whether ongoing transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was occurring in a California state prison. METHOD: Prison pharmacy records were used to identify cases of active tuberculosis (TB). RESULTS: Ten of the 18 cases of active TB treated at the facility during 1991 were diagnosed at the prison that same year (an incidence of 184 per 100,000). Three inmates were infectious for a total of 7 months while imprisoned. The prevalence of TB skin test-positivity among inmates was 30%, and the incidence of new infection attributable to incarceration was 5.9 per 100 inmates per year. CONCLUSIONS: Transmission of M. tuberculosis may be occurring in the California prison system. 相似文献
The marine natural product, manoalide (MLD), was investigated to determine if this drug inhibited purified human synovial fluid phospholipase A2 (HSF-PLA2). Utilizing classical Michaelis-Menten kinetics, apparent Km and Vmax values for HSF-PLA2 of 1.34 mM and 0.47 mumol [3H]palmitic acid released/min/mg protein were obtained using dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) as the substrate, and 38.0 microM and 18.8 mumol [3H]arachidonic acid released/min/mg protein with Escherichia coli as a natural substrate. These kinetic parameters were utilized subsequently to evaluate the inhibitory effects of manoalide on HSF-PLA2. Inhibition of HSF-PLA2 by MLD was concentration and time dependent with IC50 values of 0.2 and 0.02 microM for DPPC and E. coli respectively. Dialysis studies and examination of DPPC or E. coli hydrolysis versus enzyme concentration indicate that MLD is an irreversible inhibitor of HSF-PLA2. Substrate specificity was also examined in the absence and presence of MLD using dipalmitoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DPPE) as a substrate. MLD inhibited the hydrolysis of DPPE (greater than 90% inhibition at 2 microM), and preliminary results indicate that DPPC was more readily hydrolyzed than DPPE under the substrate conditions of the assay. While the cellular source of secreted HSF-PLA2 is unknown, these studies indicate that MLD can inactivate secreted phospholipase A2 isolated from patients with inflammatory joint disease. 相似文献
Flavonoid glycosides were metabolized to phenolic acids via aglycones by human intestinal microflora producing α-rhamnosidase, exo-β-glucosidase, endo-β-glucosidase and/or β-glucuronidase. Rutin, hesperidin, naringin and poncirin were transformed to their aglycones by the bacteria producing α-rhamnosidase and β-glucosidase or endo-β-glucosidase, and baicalin, puerarin and daidzin were transformed to their aglycones by the bacteria producing β-glucuronidase, C-glycosidase and β-glycosidase, respectively. Anti-platelet activity and cytotoxicity of the metabolites of flavonoid glycosides by human intestinal bacteria were more effective than those of the parental compounds. 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and 4-hydroxyl-phenylacetic acid were more effective than rutin and quercetin on anti-platelet aggregation activity. 2,4,6-Trihydroxybenzaldehyde, quercetin and ponciretin were more effective than rutin and ponciretin on the cytotoxicity for tumor cell lines. We insist that these flavonoid glycosides should be natural prodrugs. 相似文献
Background: The purpose of this study was to analyze the position of the conus medullaris and Tuffier's line in the same patient population, to correlate this position with age and sex, and to determine an objective guide for the selection of a safe intervertebral space during spinal block.
Methods: Magnetic resonance imaging studies of the lumbar spine were reviewed in 690 consecutive patients. The study population consisted of patients older than 20 yr who had been referred for imaging to assess possible causes of low back pain. The position of the conus medullaris was defined as the most distal point of the cord that could be visualized on the sagittal sequence. A line perpendicular to the long axis of the cord was extended to the adjacent vertebra. In the lumbar plain films, the Tuffier's line was defined by drawing a horizontal line across the highest points of the iliac crests. Each vertebral body and intervertebral space was divided into four segments: upper, middle, and lower thirds of a vertebral body, and the intervertebral space. Each segment of a vertebral body or intervertebral space that the lines crossed was identified and recorded. The positions, stratified by decade of age, were compared using analysis of variance. The Tukey test was used for post hoc comparisons. Comparisons between sex were performed with the unpaired t test.
Results: The conus medullaris and Tuffier's line (median [range]) were positioned at L1-lower (T12-upper-L3-upper) and L4L5 (L3L4-L5S1), respectively. The distance between the conus medullaris and Tuffier's line (mean +/- SD [range]) was 12.6 +/- 1.9 [7-18] segments, which corresponded to the height of approximately three vertebral bodies and intervertebral spaces. In no case did Tuffier's line overlap with the conus medullaris. The distance in segments between the conus medullaris and Tuffier's line was shorter with increased age (P < 0.001). The position of the conus medullaris and Tuffier's line was lower in female patients than in male patients (P < 0.001) and higher in patients with sacralization than in those with lumbarization or without transitional vertebra (P < 0.001). The in-between distances were not significantly different regardless of sex or presence of transitional vertebra. 相似文献